Posted: July 12th, 2021

Why were North and South America settled later than other continents, History homework

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1. Why were North and South America settled later than other continents?a. they were far away and across oceansb. their terrain was unattractive to humansc. their climate was unattractive to humansd. their plants and animals were unattractive to humans2. What closed America to more people coming and kept the continent isolated from Eurasia and Africa?a.  the weather got colder and ice blocked human migration  b. an overweight mammoth broke the Bering bridge  c. the weather got warmer and rising seas flooded the ‘bridges’  d. tribal warfare among the Inuit (Eskimo)3. Which is NOT true of the long, long isolation of the Americas from Africa, Asia, and Europe?a. limited the genetic diversity of native Americansb. protected the Americas from pandemicsc. increased the speed of American cultural development d. limited the number of domesticated animals in the Americas4. Before Columbus, luxuries like spices and silk came to Europea. by sea from Greece and Africa.  b. from India and China, to the Middle East, then to Italyc. by river from central Europe.  d. from India across the Himalayas, to Russia5. Why did Europe import luxuries like cotton, silk, sugar, pepper, lacquerware, or porcelain?a. bad weather and religious prohibitions made production impossible in Europeb. bad weather and lack of skilled labor made production impossible in Europec. overpowering imperial control of merchants made free trade impossible in Europed. bad weather and lack of production secrets made production impossible in Europe6. Why were Indian, Chinese and Middle-Eastern goods so expensive in Europe?a. because very large numbers of consumers in Europe bid up their pricesb. because of many middlemen and of monopolies, cartels, and oligopoliesc. because exotic foreign culture was respected and highly popular in Europed.  because the Ming dynasty manipulated its money to pump up its profits7. Why had the balance of trade (the ratio of goods coming in, as compared to goods being exported) been mostly defavorable to Europe for more than a thousand years?a. European Christians refused to sell to Muslims, Hindus, or Buddhistsb. Europeans considered Eastern products to be inferior in quality to their ownc. European goods were mostly undesirable or too bulky for long distance traded. Muslim middlemen refused to do business with infidels8. With the Europeans buying much more than they sold, how was trade balanced?a. The Turks and Egyptians opened large lines of credit to European merchantsb. The Italians and Jews sold interest-bearing bonds in exchange for gold to rich Muslim merchantsc. The Europeans launched the Crusades and took over Egypt and Palestined. The Europeans had no choice but to send gold and silver to the Middle East and Asia9. Which of these was NOT a common feature of the dominant European ships of the 1500s?a. Islamic astrolabe  b. Chinese high freeboard  c. large numbers of rowersd. cannon firing Chinese black powder e. Chinese magnetic compass  and Chinese sternpost rudder10. The main reason Europeans like Columbus made their dangerous voyages wasa. to rob Spain of its trade monopoly  b. to convert Indiansc. to trade with Asia  d. to discover America11. What was a BIG mistake that Columbus made?a. he UNDERestimated the size of the planet, believing he reached India, he really ran into an unknown continentb. he UNDERestimated the size of the ocean and ran out of water, having to return to Spain and try againc. he didn’t realize how unfriendly and ferocious the natives of the Carribean wered. his fleet was ambushed and destroyed by the Portuguese on its way back12. All of the following were part of the varied resources of the pre-Columbian Native Americans excepta. volcanic glass  b. seashells used as moneyc. large domesticated animalsd. bow and arrow13. Which of the following is NOT true of the native American cultures of ancient Mexico and Peru?a. they didn’t use iron b. they had no horses  c. they had no pigs, sheep, or cowsd. they didn’t use the wheel (except in a few toys)  e. their agriculture had a low yield (inefficient)14. Which of these is NOT true of the Aztec/Mexica ‘empire’?a. its main city was one of the biggest in the worldb. it had clean, advanced water supplyc. it had big markets  d. its farmers produced a lot of food  e. it was mostly peaceful15. Which of these is NOT a reason the Mexica/Aztec lost to the Spanish?a. diseases to which the Mexica had no resistanceb. excellent iron/steel Spanish weapons/armourc. large numbers and strong discipline of Spanish d. Mexica tradition of individual/non-lethal combate. Mexica lacked animals or carts so men had to carry all supplies16. Some native Americans organized large, sophisticated empires with millions of people, while many other native Americans continued to live simple lives in small groups or tribes...why?a. small groups and tribes lived in areas with plentiful resourcesb. organized natives were in areas that had access to trade with Europe or Asiac. large native civilizations existed in areas that had access to metals like iron, tin, or copperd. small groups and tribes possessed the horse and were therefore independent17. The Inca and the Mexica, sophisticated, powerful empires of millions, fell to the Spanish in months, but it took years and years to defeat the Indians of North America...why?a. North American natives were smarterb. North American natives were organized in many small tribesc. North American natives resisted disease better  d. weather in North America made conquest easier18. As the American ‘Indians’ died off massively, the Spanisha. brought Spanish laborers.  b. brought indentured servants from Spain.c. brought African slaves.  d. brought indentured servants from Africa.  e. abandonned many colonies19. Europeans got a number of valuable items from the New World, includinga. iron technology, concept of zero.  b. tobacco, corn and potatoes.  c. horses.  d. microorganisms.1. When the Muslim Ottomans and Christian Venetians realized that their arch-enemies, the Spanish and Portuguese, had ‘outflanked’ them by reaching Asia and the Americas directly--rather than via the Mediterranean, they...a. accepted the inevitable and re-oriented their economy towards agriculture and industryb. formed a naval alliance with Ming China to seal off the ocean to direct trade from Europec. cooperated to build a fleet, but were decisively defeated in a naval battle near the coast of Indiad. cooperated to grossly lower their own prices to put the Atlantic powers out of business2. Venetian and Ottoman warships were usually defeated by the ships of the Atlantic powers becausea. The Atlantic sailships had much more firepower and much longer cruising rangeb. the Muslim Ottomans categorically refused to embrace the use of guns and cannonsc. The Muslims had inferior geographical knowledge and had poor maritime charts or navigation skillsd. the Atlantic sailships had higher speed and superior acceleration compared to Ottoman and Venetian galleys3. Why didn’t the Ottoman Turks or Venetians simply copy the Atlantic-style sailship design?a. the Koran strictly forbade that any foreign inventions be adopted by Muslimsb. they lacked the artisans and craftsmen to build such complicated vesselsc. they lacked the timber for such heavy ships, or the fuel to cast so many cannond. they squandered their resources on Tabouleh4. Which of these is NOT a reason why the Ottomans, the Indians, or the Chinese did not strongly resist the Western take-over of the oceans?a. all three have dangerous, exposed land borders and are therefore more oriented to terrestrial warfareb. all three had relgious or philosophical systems that strongly discouraged tradec. all three were very wealthy and mostly self-sufficient, so trade did not seem cruciald. all three were massive, ponderous, bureaucratic empires which did not favor entrepreneurship5. How is the story of Henry VIII’s marital problems relevant to history?a. it demonstrates the negative impact of obesity on fertility and traditional sexual politicsb. it helps explain the rivalry between Spain and England, and the breakdown of medieval religionc. it provides an example of the economic changes caused by the discovery of the Americasd. because it was he who decided to send the first settlers to colonize Virginia6. Which of these is NOT a macro-level consequence of the discovery of the Americas?a. it pumped a HUGE volume of gold and silver into the world economy, ‘turbo-charging’ developmentb. it ultimately made the Middle East irrelevant, Europeans now bought Asian goods directlyc. it made almost the entire globe one economic, biological WHOLE, for the first time (since Pangea--200 million yrs earlier)d. it allowed Europe to balance and sustain trade with India and Chinae. new wealth brought stability and equality to Europe7. Which of these is NOT a reason why Europe had an advantage in building powerful navies?a. good location, long coastlines: islands and peninsulas: Spain, Italy, Holland, Britainb. large forests of big, strong, water-resistant hardwoods such as oakc. abundant wood fuel for melting metals to make artilleryd. abundant rivers and watermills powering trip hammers and bellows for weapons-makinge. Justin Bieber’s ancestors’ singing terrorized Chinese and Islamic rivals8. Which of these conditions in late medieval Europe DID NOT favor the rise of ‘proto-capitalism’?a. political fragmentation, and therefore a lack of huge empire to enforce monopolies b. the breakdown of religion and church and ideas inhibiting or criticizing business or moneyc. political alliance between kings and merchants against the peasants and knightsd. absorption/development of Middle Eastern/Asian business and math concepts (agebra, Indian numerals, etc)e. the traditional practices of communal village life and mutual obligations and duties  of Lords and Vassals9. Which of these is NOT a reason why Spain--which for a moment, thanks to its enormous conquests and capture of gold and silver--seemed on the brink of taking over the world, soon when into an irreversible decline?a. Spain got involved in an expensive endless war with the Turksb. Spain got involved in an 80-year ‘Vietnam War’ in Hollandc. Spain got involved in war against Englandd. Spain borrowed too much and stopped producing thingse. Spain broke down with a religious warf. Spain kicked out Muslims and Jews, losing their talents10. Even though the Spanish did not take over North America (apart from small outposts in New Mexico and Florida), they still made a deep impact on the lives of natives of what is today the USA because...a. huge numbers of refugee Aztecs fleeing Cortez invaded the Southwestb. horses, pigs, and diseases brought by the Spanish escaped into America and changed the natural balancec. fear of Spanish attack caused North American tribes to begin organizing alliancesd. the knowledge of iron eventually ‘diffused’ into Native American areas, distorting traditional culture11. Although tons of gold and silver, and enormous diamonds, pearls, and gems are probably the most spectacular examples of how the Europeans got rich in the Americas, which of these also made them huge profits?a. the exotic, warm weather  cotton that the Europeans used to have to buy at high prices from the Middle East and India, which they could now grow directly themselvesb. tobacco, an addictive stimulant, whose smoke the natives of the Carribean were seen ‘drinking’ and which soon became a huge success in Europec. Sugar (from the Arabic ‘Zakar’--as in sacharrin) cane, another exotic Asian warm-weather plant to which the Europeans had first been introduced to during the Crusades, could now be grown directly by themd. Furs, warm, luxurious, and becoming rarer and rarer in cold Europee.  all of these were very profitable1.  A big difference between the Spanish and British way of starting colonies in the New World wasa. British colonies started off very big while Spanish colonies started off smallb. British colonies were paid for and closely controlled by the kingc. British colonies were started for the purpose of converting natives to Christianity, not to get richd. British colonies were started by private investors, not by the king2. The original reason the English settled in Virginia was toa. find gold  b. convert Indians to Christianity  c. block the Spaniards from grabbing America  d. find tobacco3. The Eastern Woodland Indians that the English found in America were perhaps not as ‘savage’ or ‘wild’ as people think for all these reasons EXCEPTa. they used an alphabet typically written on bark  b. average lifespan was higher than England’sc. their agriculture was sustainable  d. they were often healthier, bigger and stronger than the Englishe. although Eastern Woodland Indian tribes fought, their ‘wars’ were small with few killed4. At the start, the Natives of Virginia could probably have totally destroyed the English, who were helpless; instead they helped them...why?a. they knew that there was no hope to ever defeat the Europeansb. the English could become allies to help them against other native tribesc. the English offered useful things like iron tools and wool blanketsd. the natives were peaceful and their religion strictly forbade any killinge. both b and c5. Despite dangers of all kinds, in the beginning, most English settlers were killed bya. disease and starvation.  b. disease and Indians.  c. shipwrecksd. starvation and the Spanish.6. Which is NOT true of Indentured Servants?a. worked for many years in exchange for travel to America b. they very often died before their years of work were donec. their years of work were often extended d. at least had the right to vote in colonial elections7. Which group was NOT used by the British to make up for the very high death rate in Virginia?a. African slaves.  b. indentured servants  c. Native American slaves and British convictsd.homeless children from London  e. no, all of these were used8. During the 1660s and 1670s, violence between settlers and Indians increased becausea. Indians wanted to kill all the British  b. the colonial government wanted warc. Indians needed hunting lands but settlers needed farming land  d. there was a severe food shortage.e. Comcast massively increased cable fees, making war more attractive9.  A common ‘money’ of exchange between Indians and British colonists wasa. diamonds.  b. furs.  c. tobacco.  d. slaves.  e. gold10. Though guns and tools sold by Europeans to the Native Americans helped, in the long-term theymay have hurt the Natives becausea. many Natives died in accidents with the new technology  b. they made the Natives as powerful as the Europeans  c. they hurt the natural balance and changed Indian societyd. guns were hard to get11. Which was NOT a factor pushing the constant growth of the British colonies?a. poor whites trying to ‘squat’ on land not already controlled by the rich b. the rapid expansion of French Canadac. greedy tobacco planting rapidly ‘burned out’ the land  d. speculators trying to make fast money by grabbing lande. Native American lack of the idea of ‘private property’12. Why was there also fighting between British and British in Virginia in 1676 ?a. hatred between Catholics and Protestants had spread to the coloniesb. indentured servants and backcountry poor were angry with the rich governing classc. the conflict in England between the king and Parliament had spread to the coloniesd. blocked by powerful native tribes, the British turned on each other13. The rich ‘Sugar Islands’ were mostly important to British North America becausea. they bought cheap New England fish to feed their large slave force  b. they sold them sugar and molasses  c. their large populations bought New England manufactured goodsd. a & b e. b & c14. By 1700, the biggest advantage of slave labor over servant labor was thata. slaves worked harder than indentured servants.  b. servants had a high death rate.c. slaves worked forever  d. servants could run away more easily than slaves.15. Which is NOT true of the British colonies in North America as they grew in population?a. older, richer settlers shared their land with newcomers  b. colonial governments became less democratic  c. newcomers that wanted land went to the frontier  d. land became more expensive

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