Contents

What is intensification?

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What is Sustainable Intensification?

Domains of Sustainable Intensification

The need for Sustainable Intensification

UK indicators of GHG emissions

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Contribution of the agricultural sector to GHG emission

Impact of GHG on crop farms

Impact of GHG on livestock

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Case against Sustainable Intensification

Studies on sustainable intensification

What is intensification?

Intensification can be defined as the production of more output units per input units and through any possible combination of inputs and innovation.  Agricultural intensification can also be explained as maintaining a certain level of agricultural output while decreasing the use of inputs (FAO 2004).

Intensification is all about improving the relation between the inputs and outputs and increasing production through an efficient usage of physical inputs such as land, labour, machinery, capital and fertilizer and pesticide use. Intensification which results in the increase in the production of the food is of detrimental value as it is critical to increase the food supply with the rapidly growing population.

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The results of intensification are given in outputs which can be measures in terms production, income or nutrition.

When we measure intensification in terms of production, we are looking at the increase in the yield of food per unit input. Intensification can also be measured in terms of net income generated per unit of input. The third way is through the human consumption of nutrients per unit of input.

Most of the literature focus on agricultural intensity though either the increase in production or through the increase in income.

The inputs for an agricultural process could be either direct or indirect. Direct inputs used in a farm are mainly labour, water, fertilizers and animal feed whereas the indirect inputs used to facilitate the farm are capital, technology, infrastructure and knowhow of the workings of a farm. Greater intensification is achievable though the increase in use of inputs, by including or a new input or by using the existing inputs in new ways.

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(van Apeldoorn et al. 2013)

Van used the increase of milk production as a sign of intensification of production in Dutch dairy farms.  They hypothesized that the agricultural intensification is heavily dependent on the landscape of the area. 

Centuries ago, before the industrial revolution, agriculture was based on the household units, where individuals used to grow a crop or keep livestock for their personal consumption. So, the production, the processing, and the consumption were all done by a single unit. With the advancement of technology and improvement of farming techniques over time, there was a farming surplus where the individual’s units were producing more than they could consume. With the surplus of food, the reluctant farmers could purchase the food from the markets and were able to do something else for a living.

With the advancement in technology, the fertilizers and pesticides used became more potent, yielding a high output. Moreover, selective breeding improved the quality as well as the quantity of meat. Hence through the ‘green revolution’, the world saw an increase in food production which was more than that of the population growth. (Bos et al. 2013)

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The recent farming practices, such as intensive agriculture has become a threat to the traditional farming practices and the traditional landscape which had evolved for centuries. With the advancement in technology, the traditional landscapes have become rare and have been turned into modern landscape which lacks personality (Antrop 1997).

The change in landscape has not only been attributed to the advancement in technology. Other forces that derive the change in landscape is accessibility, urbanization, globalization and calamity (Antrop 2005). The areas which are not easily accessible have more of a natural landscape as people have difficulty getting there. As soon as the infrastructure is built for transportation, a change in landscape can be seen immediately. Urbanization and globalization are driving forces of economic growth.

What is Sustainable Intensification?

The intensification of the production system is very important but it also needs to be sustainable so that these processes can fulfil the current demand and still are able to provide for the future generations. The term sustainable intensification has been around for a couple of decades and was mostly used in the context of African agriculture where the output is low and environmental degradation is high. Sustainable intensification simply is increasing productivity while reducing the harm to the environment. It is an aspiration of what needs to be achieved. Sustainable Intensification is still a fairly recent concept so it is hard to say what it might look like or how it would be different from the production systems currently in play. However, it should be mentioned here that the framework that sustainable intensification provide, needs to be specifically tailored for the respective area or industry. Sustainable intensification cannot be achieved globally by applying the same framework to every area.

The Montpellier panel report  (2013) explained Sustainable Intensification as:

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“Sustainable Intensification offers a practical pathway towards the goal of producing more food with less impact on the environment, intensifying food production while ensuring the natural resource base on which agriculture depends is sustained, and indeed improved, for future generations.”

The World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) defined sustainable development as

“Development, which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. (WCED 1987)

Although consensus has not been made on the accurate definition and description of sustainable intensification, all researchers agree that sustainable production systems should show certain attributes:

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1. A sustainable production system should avoid an unnecessary use of inputs
2. A sustainable production system should minimize the extra use of technology which harms human and animal health and the environment.
3. The production should minimize externalities such as GHG, biodiversity and clean water.

The agricultural systems who possess these attributes are diverse systems which not only focus on the increase in production of food source but also work towards contributing to social welfare. Organic farms do have some of the qualities needed for a sustainable agricultural practice. These farms have low yield per area so that they can reduce the use of land. (Pretty and Bharucha 2014). They reuse and recycle the farming inputs and outputs and their reliance on synthetic fertilizers and pesticides is minimal. Organic farms aim to maintain the fertility of the soil and biodiversity in the farm. These farms may be able to be classified under sustainable farms but they cannot be intensive farms as their output is pretty low. With the improvement in management systems and changes to the factors of production, these farms may be able to achieve the stamp of being intensively sustainable.

Domains of Sustainable Intensification

According to the literature, the indicators of sustainability intensification can be categorized into five key domains(Smith et al. 2017)

The productivity domain captures the productivity of crop and the livestock output.  This domain includes indicators such as yield, fodder production, yield gap and yield variety. The indicators for productivity make it clear that the most important input in increasing productivity is land. An increase in productivity is one of the goals of SI.  The second domain is of economics which looks the profitability, costs and the return to the factor of production. In many kinds of literature, the domain of productivity and economic indicators are one and the same however for our analysis, I would be separating them both. Here, the productivity domain is specifically dealing with the increase in productivity form only land as an input whereas the economic domain includes the remaining inputs like labour and capital.  Economic domain deals mostly with the profitability of the agricultural system where the farmers’ decision to grow crop and allocation of resources strictly depends on the demand of produced commodity in the market.

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The third domain is environmental in which focus is given to the plant diversity, nutrient balance, GHG emissions and soil and water quality. The environmental domain is one of the key pillars of SI where the focus is not only on the improvement in output but also on protecting the environment. The fourth domain examines the individual. It focuses on the human conditions and their accessibility to proper nutrition, health and education. The last domain is the social aspect which looks at gender equality, social coercion and collective action.

To monitor the progress of sustainable development (thereafter referred to as SD), it is first important to identify the indicators which will measure the environment, economic and income variables. Even the United Nations emphasised on the development and identification of these indicators in a conference on environment and development and urged the government and non-government organizations to” develop and identify indicators of sustainable development in order to improve the information basis for decision-making at all levels”(UNCED 1992).

The initial program on the indicators of sustainable development came forward with the list of 134 indicators which was later shortened and divided into 14 sections: poverty, governance, health, education, demographics. Natural hazards, atmosphere, land, ocean, seas and costs, biodiversity, economic development, global economic partnership and consumption and production patterns.