Social Identity of Populist Right Wing Parties

Constructing “US”: How is the social
identity of “the people” created by political leaders in Populist Right Wing Parties?

The term populism has recently become more and more ubiquitous in nature.  Interest in populism has been recently catalysed by the use of the term to describe a number of different political phenomena. From political movements such as those in favour of the outcome of the United Kingdom European Union membership referendum, colloquially called Brexit, to leaders such Donald Trump (Norris & Inglehart, 2016).  However, it is has been most popularly used to describe Right Wing Parties, the Front National in France. Due to their policy stances on asylum and immigration that has been linked to an increase in increase in xenophobia and racism in many nations including the United Kingdom (Mols & Jetten, 2016). Populist Right Wing Parties, is an umbrella term that encapsulates both Populist Radical-Right Parties and Neoliberal Populist Parties that espouse authoritarian, nativist and populist elements (Mudde, 2007).

Despite
the recent prominence of the term populism, it has been studied for many years
with initial scholarship focusing on populism in Latin America (Conniff, 1982) (Hawkins, 2009) (Hawkins, 2010).  Research can typically be sorted into three
categories which see populism as: an ideology, as discursive style and a
political strategy.  One concept that is
shared by these 3 different approaches is the idea of a shared identity by the
members of populist movements, although the source and reasoning for this is
different.

What Citation Styles Can You Use for My Essay?

Students often ask, “Can you write my essay in APA or MLA?”—and the answer’s a big yes! Our writers are experts in every style imaginable: APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, you name it. Just tell us what you need, and we’ll deliver a perfectly formatted paper that matches your requirements, hassle-free.

Viewing populism as a political
strategy, the aim of this research is to develop an understanding how the
‘virtuous people’ (us) vs ‘corrupt elite’ (them) is constructed (Bonikowski
& Gidron, 2016). This will be through the analysis of
how this shared social identity is constructed in Populist Right Wing Parties
(PRWP).

The study has three major
objectives:

• To
  analyse research in the field of leadership and identity studies. Focusing on
  research of the development of shared group identity by leaders and the
  creation of the ‘us’ and ‘them’ dichotomy in populism.
• To
  select and build on a theoretical framework from sources considered in (a),
  that can be applied to PRWPs. Conceptualising the leaders and the people’s role
  in the construction of a shared social identity.
• To
  provide a thorough comparative content analysis of PRWPs based upon the chosen
  theoretical frame work from objective (b)

Section One: Preliminary Literature Review

Populism as a strategy, Social Identity Theory and Populist Right Wing Parties (PRWPs)

The three approaches to populism as
previously mentioned has produced various contrasting definitions of the term. However,
this review will use the minimal definition of Populism which is accepted by
all approaches. This definition views populism as the ‘righteous people’ vs
‘the corrupt elite’. Even though it does not fully encapsulate all aspects of
the phenomena. This definition is a prominent feature in literature as
highlighted by previous literature[1].
Expectedly, the definition of the elite and the people differ based upon each
case study and approach. Furthermore, this does not account for the effects of
culture and context in creating populist politics nor does it cater for how it
effects the political domain.

This literature review will
initially give a brief overview of the ideological and discursive view of
populism and how they contribute to political strategy approach.  It will then examine the current state of
research in politics regarding the social construction of identity and PRWP.
Finally, it will briefly examine literature from the identity and leadership
discipline, highlighting how research in the field of identity and leadership
can further political scholarship of PRWPs.

Is It Legal to Use Your Writing Service?

Absolutely, it’s 100% legal! Our service provides sample essays and papers to guide your own work—think of it as a study tool. Used responsibly, it’s a legit way to improve your skills, understand tough topics, and boost your grades, all while staying within academic rules.

Research that views populism as an
ideology, has been the main analytical approach to European populism. One
notable piece of research is that of Mudde (2004) and it is from this
work that a clear definition of populism as an ideology can be drawn. He argues
that the populism is a “thin – centred ideology” which cuts society into ‘two
homogenous and antagonistic groups’. These two groups are ‘the corrupt elite’
and the ‘pure people’. Furthermore, this ideology maintains that populism is an
‘expression of the “volonté générale (general will) of the people”.  In defining this ideology as thin-centred,
Mudde (2004) is highlighting the
concept that an ideology is an interrelated set of ideas that seek to gain
meaning not through rooted in political theory but in relation to one another.
This is made possible through the forming of a cognitive schema of interpretation
and placing these ideas into this framework (Stanley, 2008). This definition allows the
compatibility of populism with other theories. Although this is dependent on
the socio-political context that the populist actors foster (Mudde & Kaltwasser, 2012).

A second approach sees Populist discourse
style as a political tool. With linguistic constructions highlighting the
tension between the ‘corrupt elite’ and the opposing ‘people’ (Kazin, 1995). It uses a Manichean
binary dialect to create a ‘moral and ethical’ struggle between ‘the people’
and ‘the elite’ (Hawkins, 2009) and (Hawkins, 2010) . This view is not ideological and
states that the discourse style can be utilised selectively (Kazin, 1995)
 by political actors (de la Torre,
2000) (Barr, 2009) and (Jagers &
Walgrave, 2007).
This view accounts for the varying severity of populist rhetoric employed by
political actors.  However, that is also dependent
on the broader socio-political environment (Deegan-Krause & Haughton,
2009).

The third approach, places populism
as a political strategy of mobilisation, focusing on the supply side of
populism. With certain theoretical frameworks of populist mobility illustrating
the importance of a Populist discursive style such (Flic, 2009)
and (Jansen, 2011) . Whilst other frameworks show the
importance of both discourse and also ideology e.g. (Barr, 2009).
In gaining, maintaining and creating political support.

How Much Does It Cost to Get a Paper Written?

Our pricing starts at $10 per page for undergrad work, $16 for bachelor-level, and $21 for advanced stuff. Urgency and extras like top writers or plagiarism reports tweak the cost—deadlines range from 14 days to 3 hours. Order early for the best rates, and enjoy discounts on big orders: 5% off over $500, 10% over $1,000!

 Diverse analytical methods have conceptualised
multiple manners of mobilisation, such as economics based factors (Acemoglu, et al., 2011) and the use of
Populist policies (Madrid, 2008). One method of mobilisation cited is
the role of leadership. Weyland (2001) argued that a leader’s
characteristics can have a significant effect on political mobilisation.
Stating that a ‘personalistic’ leader seeks or exercises government power based
on direct, unmediated, un-institutionalised support from large numbers of
mostly unorganised followers. This has been echoed with research such as (Taggart, 1995) and (Pauwels,
2011).
Finding, that populist parties are headed by a leader who are perceived as
charismatic and strong, by their followers. However, this is a matter of debate
with research conducted by Barr (2009) finding that a leader’s
perceived “outsider” status, is more important. 

A large proportion of Populist research
accepts that the people ‘share a united identity’ and this is presented by the
‘Us vs ‘Them’ dichotomy used to define Populism (Bonikowski
& Gidron, 2016). However, analysis and evaluation of
how this identity is formed normally focuses solely on the macro casual
mechanisms due to populism being a politics focused on the masses. An example of
this is the idea of societal cleavage creation (Enyedi, 2005) and the role of
grievance mobilisation (Oesch, 2008).
This has been considered explicitly with regards to PRWPs. Most notably in work
such as (Rydgern, 2005) 
and (Bornschier, 2010)  which are some of the most cited theoretical
papers on the topic. However, notably, the research mentions the importance of
a collective social identity but does not consider how it is constructed.

Certain, theoretical research has addressed both the macro and meso level of mobilisation such as (Pappas, 2012). Pappas (2012) develops a framework for the mobilisation of causal mechanisms based around three concepts, namely: The politicisation of cultural resentment of an issue, new cleavage formation and polarisation. Moreover, the research highlights three micro supply side categorises within the formation of new cleavages: 1) outstanding cultural resentment 2) new symbolic representation which is ‘the handicraft’ of the leader and 3) the creation of a new social identity.  Identity creation is also highlighted at the meso level by research on the construction of societal cleavages such as the work of Bartolini and Mair (1992). Who further postulate that in order to create a new social identity, a shared understanding is necessary. This has been supported by empirical evidence focusing on the micro demand side, which finds that individuals who identify with or are members of PRWP (Ivarsflaten, 2008)  have certain behavioural traits. Furthermore, that these are more pronounced than those who do not (MacWilliams, 2016). One paper in particular that supports this hypothesis cites the need for further research into this area (Mols & Jetten, 2016). It also cites the term ‘identity entrepreneur’, a term used within literature related to the social theory of identity and its respective discipline.

The field of identity, and the
study of it has become one of the most popular topics in contemporary
organisational studies (Sveningsson & Alvesson, 2003). The sub-field in
itself has multiple areas of academic research focusing on different levels,
from the individuals to groups. This review has surveyed the group level of research
and in particular the Social identity theory of leadership. As it can be used
to analyse the leader’s role in the construction of a collective social
identity (Hogg, 2001) and (Van
Knippenberg, et al., 2012). This provides an
understanding and rationale for explaining leadership within a specific
organisation or group. Furthermore, it argues that ‘people look to their
leaders to define their identity (Van Knippenberg, et al., 2012). A good unit of
analysis can be derived from Hogg’s (2001) concept of porotypes,
which are cognitive frameworks individuals use to understand characteristics of
a group. In addition, extending this this model, is the New Psychology of
Leadership (Haslam, et al., 2011) which develops the
concept of identity entrepreneurship. This idea highlights key behaviours and
traits which are used in constructing the concept of ‘us’ (Steffens , et al., 2014). Furthermore, this
is a process orchestrated by ‘identity entrepreneurs’ who use the tactics of rhetoric
and strategic communication (Van Knippenberg, et al., 2012) as well as other
discursive techniques (Reicher & Hopkins, 2001). 

Will My Use of This Service Stay Private?

Yes, totally! We lock down your info with top-notch encryption—your school, friends, no one will know. Every paper’s custom-made to blend with your style, and we check it for originality, so it’s all yours, all discreet.

This field provides new avenues of
academic investigation. As the construction of a social identity in PRWPs has
not been previously examined through the lens of social identity theory. The application
of social theory and related concepts is also limited to a few studies within
the sphere of leadership studies (Lord, et al., 2017) . With empirical
findings based on managers in organisations (Kroger & Marcia, 2011) (Lord, et al.,
2017).

Examining PRWPS leadership through
this literature can help to provide an insight between the supply and demand
factors of Populism and how they interact. So far this, analysis at this level
has only been explored statistically through formal modelling in the field of
economics (Guiso, et al., 2017). Furthermore, it can
provide further empirical evidence to support the claim that populism is a
strategy of organisation and mobilisation utilised by political leaders.
Therefore, this research may aid in countering the notion that populism is an
individual identity, as expressed by recent micro level studies by (Hawkins, et
al., 2012)
and (Akkerman, et al., 2014).

Section Two: Proposed Methodology

Ontological and Epistemological Research
Position

Ontologies and Epistemologies in
research have been likened to the skin of research. They are fundamental and
determine the approach and methodology of a project. As well as something that
cannot be changed or just removed from the research process (Marsh &
Furlong, 2002).

Ontology in political research
seeks to answer ‘what is the nature of the social and political contest we
might acquire knowledge about?  Whereas
an epistemology is a way of understanding ‘what we can know about the world and
how we can know it’. (Marsh & Furlong, 2002, pp. 18-19)

Do You Use AI to Write Papers?

No way—our papers are 100% human-crafted. Our writers are real pros with degrees, bringing creativity and expertise AI can’t match. Every piece is original, checked for plagiarism, and tailored to your needs by a skilled human, not a machine.

Analysing my research question and
objectives I decided on the philosophical position of Scientific Realism. This is a middle position
between positivist and interpretivist ontology and epistemology.  Ontologically it is similar to positivism maintaining
the ‘naturalist’ view that there is a tangible real social world.  This is the antithesis of interpretivist
ontology which argues that the social world is subjectively created (Heath & Halperin, 2012).

However, epistemologically it
differs from both positivism and interpretivist views. It argues that there are
‘unobservable elements of social life’, contrary to the views of positivism and
in line with interpretivist reasoning. Although, unlike interpretivism, it
argues that social phenomena can be measured. With it being captured through
theory and observed in method (Heath & Halperin, 2012). 

This position was chosen for two
main reasons. Firstly, because the research question is focusing on
construction of a social identity. Therefore, ontological taking an anti-fundamentalist
position, akin to that of interpretivist ontology. Secondly, the research seeks
to apply and generalise the way in this is constructed across different
Populist Right Wing Parties, akin to that of scientific realism (Heath & Halperin, 2012).

Research Approach

The project, is an empirical desk
based dissertation.  With the research
initially employing a narrative literature review and then a comparative
content analysis.

Why Choose You for Research Papers?

We’re the best because our writers are degree-holding experts—Bachelor’s to Ph.D.—who nail any topic. We obsess over quality, using tools to ensure perfection, and offer free revisions to guarantee you’re thrilled with the result, even on tight deadlines.

Initially the research began
inductively based on the events of the 2016 Presidential elections however, in
further investigation and the development of the preliminary literature review
seen in the previous chapter, this changed, due to further refinement of what I
wanted to achieve within this research. In conjunction with reading previous
research that found evidence the role of digital media in political decision
making is almost negligible in comparison to other factors at the macro and
micro level (Gentzkow, 2016).  Resulting in the use of deductive reasoning
to reach my current research questioning.

In addition, the dissertation will
continue to use deductive research, although there will be need to use
inductive reasoning in the research’s data analysis. Deductive research will be
used in order to apply concepts and theories drawn from literature o the social
construction of identity and the role of leadership and apply these concepts to
the field of Populist Right Wing Parties. However, it is possible that the synthesis
of results may result in the use of inductive reasoning to categorise certain
findings.

This research project therefore
will continue to use a quantitative approach to the research focusing on
examining and reflecting on phenomena of qualitative data.  This can take the form of values and
attitudes held by ‘the people’ as well as their perception of the socio-political
situation. Moreover, findings and resulted will be categorised and represented
in a quantitative manner. As this provides a way of account for scale and
allows the presentation of findings in a structured and easily recordable
manner. 

Furthermore, the research project
will seek to take an applied research stance, with the application of findings,
from field of social identity creation and leadership and potential
construction of a new theoretical framework based on these principles to the PRWPs.
This will result in the creation of non-normative knowledge about the how
leaders create a shared social identity

Who’s Writing My College Essays?

Our writers are top-tier—university grads, many with Master’s degrees, who’ve passed tough tests to join us. They’re ready for any essay, working with you to hit your deadlines and grading standards with ease and professionalism.

Methods of Data Collection

A comparative content analysis has
been chosen as it allows the application of theoretical frameworks across
multiple case studies in a consistent manner. Accrediting more support for the
generalisation of findings and the reliability of causal results. The method of
content analysis will investigate how leaders construct a social identity.  Through analysing the content of speech acts
and manifestos. As it is the content of these artefacts that is used to create
a given perception and identity in the ‘people’.

Primarily, comparative analysis
will be conducted at the micro-level and will be society centred. Allowing the
comparison of process within a certain societal group of countries, in this
case the focus on English speaking Populist Right Wing Parties (Peters, 1998).  This will allow the application of theory to
the case studies, evaluating if social identity theory is transferable across
academic disciplines. As well as generalizable across the unit of analysis
which is Populist Right Wing Parties (Heath & Halperin, 2012).

There are a range of processes on
conducting content analysis are plentiful, although the main processes remain
the same in almost all accounts. This methodology will not attempt to review
all these methods but highlight key strengths and weaknesses of the method.  It can be defined as ‘the research technique
for the objective, systematic and quantitate description of the manifest
content of communication’ whether, written spoken or published (Hansen , et
al., 1998).

In this methodology objective
refers to clear categories of analysis that can be easily applied by other
researchers to the same sources and generate the same results. This done
through the development of a framework of analysis which is systematically
applied in the same way to all sources. The quantitative aspect is in
representation of the data numerically as stated in the research approach
section. One issue arises from the concept of manifest content, which arguably
permits subjective reading of sources (Stempl, 1989). This research
supports this however in line with Krippendorf (1980) and seeks to use a
system based on high levels of inference when conducting the analysis.  This is because trying to code qualitative
content into certain theoretical frameworks is a process of inference.  This however may present an issue, as using
highly inferential coding will require clear explained and demarcated
contextual categories. Therefore, this research will have to be very clear when
designating the boundaries of the categories.

Are Your Papers Original?

Always! We start from scratch—no copying, no AI—just pure, human-written work with solid research and citations. You can even get a plagiarism report to confirm it’s 95%+ unique, ready for worry-free submission.

This however does raise a second
potential weakness of content analysis, which is quantification of qualitative
and then analysis based upon the qualitative findings using percentages or
counting word or phrase frequency. The research must be cognisant that analysis
can not only be based upon frequency, instead it must seek to place the result
found within a relevant theoretical and conceptual model, which can provide
rules for inferences drawn from previous studies in identity research (Krippendorf,
1980).
This can be done through sticking to methodological steps of content analysis
such as that developed by Hansen et al (1998), and looks at
identification of a question, which has been addressed previously, coding and
sampling which will be evaluated in the subsequent sections.

A second weakness of using content
analysis comparatively is the potential difference in meanings and values
associated to different words and phrases (Turner, 1990). In particular, if
source content has been translated. Therefore, the research must consider,
historical, social, cultural and semantical differences and similarities when
selecting the sample and constructing the framework of analysis.  Moreover, using a methodology such as the
constant comparative method can help to delineate clear categorises of analysis
and identity sources of analysis to foster a defensible causal analysis.

Data Sources and Sampling

In the research project, manifestos
and other speech acts such as recorded interviews, or information directly
posted onto a Party’s websites will be used. Access to manifestos will be
directly though party websites or through large depositaries of manifestos,
which provide a comprehensive list of manifestos and policy positions of
parties such as, (The Manifesto Project, 2016) and (Poltical Party Database, 2017). In the case where
data is not available the study may use other forms of data. Such as speeches
made by parties can be found in databases such as (British Poltical Speech archive, 2016) with videos and
recordings of interviews and speeches found on party pages as well as on video
sharing and hosting websites.

It is necessary to choose a
representative sample from the plethora of Populist Right Wing Parties.  Attempting to use all parties as a sample
population would not be possible under word and time constraints of the
dissertation. Sampling will focus on PRWPs that are from English speaking
countries, as this is my mother tongue and first language. Thus, removing any
possible errors with translation errors when examining texts. Secondly, the
research will focus on a ‘small-N’ comparison which is common in political
research (Heath & Halperin, 2012).  Focusing specifically on 3 parties from three
different nations, namely: Australia, The United Kingdom and The United States
of America. This sample will also be able to draw source material from a 9-year
period. This is because each of the aforementioned states have had at least 3,
Federal, General or Presidential elections since 2008[2].

Can You Match Any Citation Style?

You bet! From APA to IEEE, our writers nail every style with precision. Give us your guidelines, and we’ll craft a paper that fits your academic standards perfectly, no sweat.

This will allow the systematic
analysis of parties with adequate contextual depth as well as an analysis
across 3 countries. Looking to find patterns of identity creation in both which
is neither specific nor too general. 
However, these case studies need to be carefully selected in order to
not lead to the misrepresentation of the political situation and factors
attributed to it. Therefore, a clear justification for their selection is
needed. Additionally, a consistent awareness of potential selection bias is
needed while still strategically selecting case studies to test theories
pertaining to the social creation of identity (Heath & Halperin, 2012). This research will
aim to use the most similar systems design approach for case selection (Przeworski
and Teune 1970) (Heath & Halperin, 2012). As English speaking
PRWPs are all similar in many characteristics, such as a democratic systems of
governance an ideology. Yet different in the structures of the political
systems they operate in.

The data will be appraised through
the construction of specific analytical categories or coding categories. This is
arguably the most important as well as the most difficult aspect of the
analysis process. This can be broken down into specific stages, the first stage
involves defining the unit of the text that is classed as a single unit.  This can take the form of a whole text, a
theme, paragraph, sentence or a word. With the smaller the unit of analysis
increasing its reliability.  This study
will use a paragraph as a unit of evaluation as it provides an ability to gain
contextual understanding of how identity is constructed while at the same time
being able to be categorised into a distinct theme. This is not possible in the
analysis of a whole text that may contain many themes. It is also more useful
than a sentence which can provide reliable data of a specific word or topic.
However single sentences do not provide enough information about context or the
interaction of concepts. Such as how leaders may relate the economic situation
to the disadvantage of ‘the people’ but to the advantage of ‘the elite’ (Norris &
Inglehart, 2016).
Secondly, categorise chosen will have to be mutually exclusive as if a unit can
be placed in more than one category it can question the validity of the
findings.  Furthermore, the scope of
categorises has to be assessed and decided upon. This research proposes the use
of broad categorise made up of several smaller subcategories. This can be
accounted for in coding systems that have already been developed although it
will require the evaluation and editing of these frameworks to make sure that
it can analyse and capture the linguistic structures used in social identity
formation.

 Furthermore, it allows a systematic
presentation of findings and a platform to draw logical and rational casual conclusions
from, as well as raising any future research questions.

This data will be synthesised in
tables and descriptively in the discussion section of the dissertation. It will
also present key information about the population, such as it has source, the
country of origin and comparable statistics gained from the coding analysis.

Can I Update Instructions Mid-Order?

Yep! Use our chat feature to tweak instructions or add details anytime—even after your writer’s started. They’ll adjust on the fly to keep your essay on point.

Foreseeable Issues

In the development of a coding
scheme there maybe issues with reliability of results as well as potential
inconsistencies. This may be as a result of the coding scheme not having enough
analytically robustness. This can be resolved through the use of a test run
using a small sample of the data and an inter-coder reliability test. This is
to make sure that different coders do not produce different results from the
same coding schema. A coder’s intra-coder reliability may also be effected by
temporal factors and therefore this test will have to be carried out over a
specific period of time. AS I am the sole coder, I plan on checking my
inter-coder reliability against at least 2 other people and also conducting an
intra-coder reliability check.

However, this proposal anticipates
that additional research time would further confirm the validity of results
found in the comparative study. As findings of strong causal correlation
supporting the predictions developed by theory, does not confirm the
hypothesis. This can only be done through the use of focus groups of the ’In
groups’ and supporters of Populist Right Wing Parties. Something that is not
feasible under this dissertations time constraints.

Ethical and Professional Considerations

There are two key ethical
considerations that should be considered in this dissertation. The first is
that regarding transparency in regards to findings and methods of data
collection and transparency in the reporting of results. This will be done
through the submission of all coding schemas as well as an accounting for the
data collation process. This will be done in order to show that no data has
been falsified in the findings of the research.

A second ethical consideration is
that of plagiarism and the independence of research. This work will seek to
properly and full cite and reference all sources used. Furthermore, all work on
this dissertation, other than inter-coder reliability testing will be carried
out by myself. This work and progress (provisional given by timetable in the
next section) will also be monitored by my supervision tutor. This will result
in all research being independent, transparent, cited correctly and conducted
with integrity.

How Do I Get an Essay Written?

Easy—place your order online, and your writer dives in. Check drafts or updates as you go, then download the final paper from your account. Pay only when you’re happy—simple and affordable!

Section Three: Proposed Research Timetable

Bibliography

• Acemoglu, D., Gregory, E. & Sonin, K., 2011. A poltical theory of populism. NBER Working Papers 17306. National Bureau of Economic Research Inc..
• Akkerman, A., Mudde, C. & Zaslove, A., 2014. How Populist are the people? Measuring populist attitudes in voters. Comparative Political Studies, 47(9), pp. 1324-1353.
• Barr, R., 2009. Populists, outsiders and anti-establishment politics. Party Politics, 15(1), pp. 29-48.
• Bartolino, S. & Mair, P., 1992. Review: Identity, Competition, and Electoral Availability: The Stabilisation of European Electorates 1885-1985. European Sociological Review, 8(1), pp. 98-101.
• Bonikowski, B. & Gidron, N., 2016. Multiple Traditions in Populism Research: Towards a Theoretical Synthesis.
• Bornschier, S., 2010. Cleavage poltics and the populist right the new cultural conflict in Western Europe. s.l.:Temple University Press.
• British Poltical Speech archive, 2016. Home Page. [Online] Available at: http://www.britishpoliticalspeech.org/speech-archive.htm [Accessed 06 April 2017].
• Conniff, M. L., 1982. Latin American populism in comparative perspective. s.l.:s.n.
• de la Torre, C., 2000. Populist Seduction In Latin America : The Ecuadorian Experience. Athens : Ohio University Press.
• Deegan-Krause, K. & Haughton, 2., 2009. Toward a more useful conceptualisation of populism: Types and degrees of populist appeals in the case of Slovakia. Politics & Policy , 37(4), pp. 821-841.
• Enyedi, Z., 2005. The role of agency in clevage formation. European Journal of Poltical Research, 44(5), pp. 697-720.
• Flic, D., 2009. The Poltical Right in Israel: Different Faces of Jewish Populism. London : Routeledge .
• Gentzkow, G., 2016. Polarisation in 2016. s.l., Toulose Network of Information White Paper.
• Gidon, N. & Bonikowski, B., 2013. Varieties of populism: Literature review and research agenda.. s.l., Weatherhead Center for International Affairs.
• Glaser, B. & Strauss, A., 1967. The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research. New York: Aldine.
• Guiso, L., Herrera, H., Morelli, M. & Sonno, T., 2017. Demand and Supply of Populism. s.l., Economic Policy Research.
• Hansen , A., Cottle, S. & Newbold, R., 1998. Mass Communication Research Methods. New York: New York University Press .
• Haslam, S., Reicher, S. & Platow, M., 2011. The new psychology of leadership: identity, leadership and power. New York: NY: Psychology Press.
• Hawkins, K., 2009. Is Chavez populist? : measuring populist discouse in comparative perspective. Compartative Politial Studies , 42(8), pp. 1040-1067.
• Hawkins, K., 2010. Venezuela’s Chavismo and Populism in Comparative Perspective.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Hawkins, K., Riding, S. & Mudde, C., 2012. Measuring populist attitudes. s.l., Working paper series on poltical concepts, ECPR Committee on Concepts and Methodss.
• Heath, O. & Halperin, S., 2012. Poltical Research – methods and practical skills. New York : Oxford Univeristy Press .
• Hogg, M. A., 2001. scocial idenity theory of leadership. Personality and Social Pschology Review, 5(3), pp. 184-200.
• Ivarsflaten, E., 2008. What unites right-wing populists in western Europe? Re-examining greivence mobilization models in seven succesful cases. Comparative Political Studies, 41(1), pp. 3-23.
• Jagers , J. & Walgrave, S., 2007. “Populism as a political communication style: An empirical study of political parties’ discourse in Belgium. European Journal of Political, 46(3), pp. 319-345.
• Jansen, R., 2011. Populist mobilisation: A new theorectical appproach to populism. Sociological Theory , 29(2), pp. 75-96.
• Kazin, M., 1995. The Populist Persuasion: An American History. Ithaca: Cornell University.
• Krippendorf, K., 1980. Content Analysis: An Intoduction to It’s Methadolgy. London: Sage.
• Kroger, J. & Marcia, J., 2011. The Identity Statuses: Origins Meanings and Interpretations. In: Handbook of identity. New York: Springer Science + Business Media, pp. 31-53.
• Lord, R., Mainemelis, C., Kark, R. & Epitropaki, O., 2017. Leadership and followership identity processes: A multilevel review. The Leadership Quarterly , 28(1), pp. 104-129.
• MacWilliams, M., 2016. Who decides when the party dosen’t Authortarian voters and the rise of Donald Trump. PS: Poltical Science and Politics, 49(4), pp. 716-721.
• Madrid, R., 2008. The rise of ethnopopulism in Latin America. World Poltics, 60(3), pp. 475-508.
• Marsh, D. & Furlong, E., 2002. Ontology, Epistemology and Political Science. In: G. Stoker & D. Marsh, eds. Theory and Methods in Poltical Science. Basingstoke: Palgrave.
• Mols , F. & Jetten, J., 2016. Explaning the appeal of populist right-wing parties in times of economic prosperity. Political Psychology , 37(2), pp. 275-292.
• Mudde, C., 2004. The Populist Zeitgeist. Government and Oppositttion, 39(4), pp. 542-563.
• Mudde, C., 2007. Popilst radical right parties in Europe. s.l.:Cambridge University Press.
• Mudde, C. & Kaltwasser, C., 2012. Populism and (Liberal) Democracy: A Framework for Analysis. In: C. Mudde & C. Kaltwasser, eds. Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat or Corrective for Democracy?. New York: Oxfrod University Press, pp. 1-26.
• Norris, P. & Inglehart, R., 2016. Trump, Brexit and the rise of populism: Economic have-nots and cultural backlash. Boston , Harvard Kennedy School.
• Oesch, D., 2008. Explaining Workers’ Support for Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Evidence from Austria, Belgium, France, Norway, and Switzerland. International Political Science Review, 29(3), pp. 349-373.
• Pappas, T. S., 2012. Populism Emergent: A framework for analyzing its contexts, mechanics, and outcomes.. s.l., European Union Democracy Observatory.
• Pauwels, T., 2011. Measuring populisim: A quantitive text analysis of party literature in Belgium. Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 1(97), pp. 97-119.
• Peters, G., 1998. Comparative Politics Theory and Methods. New York: Palgrave.
• Poltical Party Database, 2017. Political Party Database Project -About. [Online] Available at: http://www.politicalpartydb.org/about/ [Accessed 07 April 2017].
• Reicher, S. & Hopkins, N., 2001. Self and nation. London: Sage.
• Rydgern, J., 2005. Is extreme right-wing populism contagious? Explaning the emergece of new party family. European Journal of Poltical Research , 44(3), pp. 413-437.
• Stanley, B., 2008. The thin Ideology of ppopulism. Journal of Political Ideologies, 13(1), pp. 95-110.
• Steffens , N., Reicher, D. & Platow, M., 2014. Up close and personal: Evidence that shared social identity is the basis for the ‘special’ relationship that binds followers to leaders. Leadership Quaterly , 25(2), pp. 296-313.
• Stempl, G., 1989. Content Analysis. In: G. Stempl & H. Bruce, eds. Research Methods in Mass Communication. Prentence-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, pp. 124-136.
• Sveningsson, S. & Alvesson, M., 2003. Managing managerial identities: Organisational fragmentation,discourse and identity struggle. Human Relations, 56(10).
• Taggart, P., 1995. New populist parties in Western Europe. West European Politics , 18(1), pp. 34-51.
• The Manifesto Project, 2016. The Manifesto Project- About. [Online] Available at: https://manifesto-project.wzb.eu/information/documents/information [Accessed 07 April 2017].
• Turner, R., 1990. A comparative content analysis of biographies. In: Oyen, ed. Comparative Methodology: Theory and Practie in International Social Research. London: Sage, pp. 134-151.
• Van Knippenberg, D., Hogg, M. A. & Rast, D., 2012. Social Identity theory of leadership: theoretical origins, research findings, and conceptual developments. European Review of social phycology, Volume 23, pp. 1-52.
• Weyland, K., 2001. Clarifying a contested concept: Populism in the study of Latin American politics. Comparative Politics, pp. 1-22.

---

[1]
This can be highlighted by the systematic review of the literature given by (Gidon & Bonikowski, 2013) . This review seeks
to collate all relevant research on populism and provide and understanding of
the interrelation of the three approaches

[2]
The United Kingdom has only had 2 elections, however by the time this research
is completed the third election will have taken place. PRWPs will be
campaigning and constructing a social identity running up to this election.
Therefore, there will be available new as well as previous data in order to
develop an accurate coding schema.

Tags: 1500 Words Assessment Task, Ace Homework Tutors, Assignment Homework Help & Answers, Bishops Writing Bureau