Smoking Cessation and Lung Cancer Survival Relationship

Relationship between smoking cessation and lung cancer survival: A survival data analysis

Abstract

What Citation Styles Can You Use for My Essay?

Students often ask, “Can you write my essay in APA or MLA?”—and the answer’s a big yes! Our writers are experts in every style imaginable: APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, you name it. Just tell us what you need, and we’ll deliver a perfectly formatted paper that matches your requirements, hassle-free.

Background

For over a decade, lung cancer has been the highest mortality cancer in Hong Kong. Smoking cessation as a protect factor of lung cancer incidence has been confirmed in detail in former study. However, the relationship between smoking cessation and lung cancer survival have not been clarified yet.

Methods

The prospective cohort included 1208 Chinese male recruited at the beginning of diagnosis of lung cancer in one of the biggest oncology center in Hong Kong. Cancer related clinical data including survival months were collected from hospital records. And smoking statues were identified by a structured questionnaire within three months after diagnosis. We performed cox regression models to calculate the hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval of lung cancer survival in different smoker group (never smoker, former smoker, and never smoker).

Is It Legal to Use Your Writing Service?

Absolutely, it’s 100% legal! Our service provides sample essays and papers to guide your own work—think of it as a study tool. Used responsibly, it’s a legit way to improve your skills, understand tough topics, and boost your grades, all while staying within academic rules.

Results

After adjusting age, BMI, overall stage of cancer, treatment, and alcohol drinking, we still got a non-significant result (p-value = ***) about smoking cessation and lung cancer survival.

Conclusion

How Much Does It Cost to Get a Paper Written?

Our pricing starts at $10 per page for undergrad work, $16 for bachelor-level, and $21 for advanced stuff. Urgency and extras like top writers or plagiarism reports tweak the cost—deadlines range from 14 days to 3 hours. Order early for the best rates, and enjoy discounts on big orders: 5% off over $500, 10% over $1,000!

There is not enough evidence to verify the specific hypothesis of this study that lung cancer survival would increase after smoking cessation. More rigorous study design and more representative data should be applied in further study.

Key words

Smoking cessation, lung cancer survival, histology

INTRODUCTION

Will My Use of This Service Stay Private?

Yes, totally! We lock down your info with top-notch encryption—your school, friends, no one will know. Every paper’s custom-made to blend with your style, and we check it for originality, so it’s all yours, all discreet.

For over a decade, lung cancer has been the highest mortality cancer in Hong Kong. It’s reported that a positive smoking history at the time of diagnosis is associated with a shortened survival time for patients with lung cancer. However, the hazard ratio in lung cancer survival after smoking cessation among male population has not been sufficiently defined in earlier studies.

The purpose of our study is calculating hazard ratio of lung cancer survival matched with duration-response relationship between years since smoking cessation, and exploring potential regression model between smoking cessation and lung cancer survival.

METHODS

This study began in 2004 and was approved by the ethical committees of both the Chinese University of Hong Kong and the Queen Elizabeth Hospital. Eligible subjects were Chinese males newly diagnosed primary lung cancer at one of the largest oncology center in Hong Kong who were aged 35 to 79 years. More than 95% of eligible patients were male, and

Do You Use AI to Write Papers?

No way—our papers are 100% human-crafted. Our writers are real pros with degrees, bringing creativity and expertise AI can’t match. Every piece is original, checked for plagiarism, and tailored to your needs by a skilled human, not a machine.

1208 subjects respond to our interview, the other 51 cases refused to be interviewed mainly because of lacking interest.

A standardized structured questionnaire was completed for each patient at the time of recruitment (within three months after diagnosis), including baseline information, expose factors, and some potential confounders in smoking habits. Smoking status was classified as (i) Never smoker, patient who had never smoked or smoked less than 20 packs of cigarettes (one pack = 20 cigarettes) or 12 oz of tobacco in his lifetime; (ii) Former smoker, smokers who had quit smoking for 2 years or more. (iii) Current smoker, smokers who had never quit smoking or quit smoking for less than 2 years. Overall survival (OS) was the endpoint in this study. OS time was calculated from the data of treatment to the data of last follow-up or death from any cause.

To investigate the “time-response” effects of smoking cessation on lung cancer survival, we further divided former smoker into 9 groups since smoking cessation time and the sample sizes of each subgroup. The 9 subgroups were: never quitters, quitting smoking for 1-1.9 years, quitting smoking for 2-2.9 years, quitting smoking for 3-3.9 years, quitting smoking for 4-4.9 years, quitting smoking for 5-9.9 years, quitting smoking for 10-14.9 years, quitting smoking for 15-19.9 years, quitting smoking for more than 20 years, and never smoker.

The association between smoking cessation and OS were test by Kaplan-meier functions and log-rank test. Cox proportional hazards models were used as our primary analyses, controlling for multiple possible covariates simultaneously, including age, BMI, stage, alcohol drinking, and treatment, where appropriate. All reported P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses utilized SPSS software version 22.

Why Choose You for Research Papers?

We’re the best because our writers are degree-holding experts—Bachelor’s to Ph.D.—who nail any topic. We obsess over quality, using tools to ensure perfection, and offer free revisions to guarantee you’re thrilled with the result, even on tight deadlines.

TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY

To evaluate the reliability of the recall of smoking condition and lifestyle information, we conducted a second interview which 30% of the patients were included 2 months later after the initial interview and more than 75% patients responded to the second interview.

RESULTS

TABLE 1. Clinical Characteristics and Smoking Status Information of Lung Cancer Patients in Hong Kong Who’s Writing My College Essays? Our writers are top-tier—university grads, many with Master’s degrees, who’ve passed tough tests to join us. They’re ready for any essay, working with you to hit your deadlines and grading standards with ease and professionalism.
Males During 2004 – 2006
		Smoking Status
Characteristics	Never Smoker Are Your Papers Original? Always! We start from scratch—no copying, no AI—just pure, human-written work with solid research and citations. You can even get a plagiarism report to confirm it’s 95%+ unique, ready for worry-free submission.	Former Smoker a	Current Smoker b	Total Sample
Total Can You Match Any Citation Style? You bet! From APA to IEEE, our writers nail every style with precision. Give us your guidelines, and we’ll craft a paper that fits your academic standards perfectly, no sweat.	122 (11.3)	290 (26.8)	652 (60.3)	1064 (98.3) c Can I Update Instructions Mid-Order? Yep! Use our chat feature to tweak instructions or add details anytime—even after your writer’s started. They’ll adjust on the fly to keep your essay on point.
Age	61.6 ± 10.9	69.5 ± 7.6	64.5 ± 9.3 How Do I Get an Essay Written? Easy—place your order online, and your writer dives in. Check drafts or updates as you go, then download the final paper from your account. Pay only when you’re happy—simple and affordable!	65.5 ± 9.5
Body mass index	22.7 ± 3.1	21.7 ± 3.3 How Fast Can You Handle Urgent Deadlines? Super fast! Our writers can deliver a quality essay in 24 hours if you’re in a pinch. Pick your deadline—standard is 10 days, but we’ll hustle for rush jobs without skimping.	20.7 ± 3.1	21.2 ± 3.2
Alcohol drinking
No	63 (51.6) Can You Tackle Complex Essay Topics? Definitely! From astrophysics to literary theory, our advanced-degree writers thrive on tough topics. They’ll research deeply and deliver a clear, sharp paper that meets your level—high school to Ph.D.	91 (31.4)	237 (36.3)	391 (36.7)
Yes	59 (48.4) How Do You Meet My Professor’s Standards? We tailor your paper to your rubric—structure, tone, everything. Our writers decode academic expectations, and editors polish it to perfection, ensuring it’s grade-ready.	198 (68.6)	411 (63.7)	668 (63.3)
Stage What’s Your Editing Process? Upload your draft, tell us your goals, and our editors will refine it—boosting arguments, fixing errors, and keeping your voice. You’ll get a polished paper that’s ready to shine. T Stage	74 (12.8)	159 (27.5)	346 (59.8)	579 (100.0) Can You Suggest Paper Topics? Sure! Need ideas? We’ll pitch topics based on your subject and interests—catchy and doable. Pick one, and we’ll run with it, or tweak it together.
Stage I	9 (12.2)	16 (10.1)	34 (9.8)	59 (10.2)
Stage II	26 (35.1) Do You Offer Rush Revisions? Yes! If you need quick edits, our team can turn it around fast—hours, not days—tightening up your paper for last-minute perfection.	80 (50.3)	144 (41.6)	250 (43.2)
Stage III	6 (8.1)	18 (11.3) Can You Provide Outlines First? Absolutely! We’ll draft an outline based on your topic so you can approve the plan before we write—keeps everything aligned from the start.	44 (12.7)	68 (11.7)
Stage IV	33 (44.6)	45 (28.3)	124 (35.8)	202 (34.9)
N Stage Can You Include Data Analysis? You bet! Need stats or charts? Our writers can crunch numbers and craft visuals, making your paper both sharp and professional.	70 (12.2)	159 (27.7)	344 (60.0)	573 (100.0)
Stage 0	24 (34.3)	56 (35.2)	109 (31.7)	189 (33.0)
Stage 1 How Do You Handle Long-Term Projects? We break it down—delivering each part on time with consistent quality. From proposals to final drafts, we’re with you all the way.	8 (11.4)	16 (10.1)	25 (7.3)	49 (8.6)
Stage 2 Can You Write for Global Standards? Yep! Whether it’s UK, US, or Australian rules, we adapt your paper to fit your institution’s style and expectations perfectly.	17 (24.3)	48 (30.2)	124 (36.0)	189 (33.0)
Stage 3 Is there a possibility of plagiarism in my completed order? We write every paper from scratch just for you, and we get how important it is for you to feel confident about its originality. That’s why we double-check every piece with our own in-house plagiarism software before sending it your way. This tool doesn’t just catch copy-pasted bits—it even spots paraphrased sections. Unlike well-known systems like Turnitin (used by most universities), we don’t store or report anything to public databases, so your check stays private and safe. We stand by our plagiarism-free guarantee to ensure your paper is totally unique. That said, while we can promise no plagiarism from open web sources or specific databases we check, no tech out there (except Turnitin itself) can scan every source Turnitin indexes. If you want that extra peace of mind, we recommend running your paper through WriteCheck (a Turnitin service) and sharing the report with us.	21 (30.0)	39 (24.5)	85 (24.7)	145 (25.3) When will my order be assigned to the writer? The moment you place your order, we jump into action to find the perfect writer for you. Usually, we’ve got someone lined up within an hour. Sometimes, though, it might take a few hours—or in rare cases, a few days—if we need someone super specialized. If no writers from your chosen category are free, we’ll suggest one from a lower category and refund the difference if you’d paid extra for that option. Want to keep tabs on things? You can always peek at your order’s status on your personal order page.
Stage 4	0	0	1 (0.3)	1 (0.3)
M Stage	94 (12.5)	209 (27.7)	452 (59.9)	755 (100.0)
Stage 0	51 (54.3)	135 (64.6)	278 (61.5)	464 (61.5)
Stage 1	43 (45.7)	74 (35.4)	174 (38.5)	291 (38.5)
Treatment
Only surgery	8 (6.6)	24 (8.3)	47 (7.2)	79 (7.4)
Only chemotherapy	27 (22.1)	30 (10.3)	72 (11.0)	129 (12.1)
Only radiotherapy	11 (9.0)	66 (22.8)	128 (19.6)	205 (19.3)
Other treatment	4 (3.3)	9 (3.1)	16 (2.5)	29 (2.7)
None of treatment	42 (34.4)	95 (32.8)	187 (28.7)	324 (30.5)
Combination of treatment	30 (24.6)	66 (22.8)	202 (31.0)	298 (28.0)
Values are given as N (%) or mean ± SD
a “Former smoker” referred to those who had quit smoking for 2 years or more.
b “Current smoker” referred to those who had never quit smoking or quit smoking for less than 2 years.
c There are 18 cases of smoking status data missing

In three different smoking status groups, never smoking group has a minimum of cancer case (122, 11.3%), while current smoking group has a maximum of cancer case (652, 60.3%). Average age at diagnosis of former smoker is largest (69.5 ± 7.6) compared with the other two groups. ANOVA show a significant result of BMI (p-value < 0.001) indicating there are differences between three groups. And it seems former smoker have the highest chance taking a drink, relatively (68.6% in former smoker compared 63.7% in current smoker and 48.4% in never smoker). As for the choice of lung cancer treatment, former smoker are more likely to take surgery method and radiotherapy method (8.3% and 22.8%). They use less chemotherapy method and combination method (10.3% and 22.8%). (Table 1)

RELIABILITY OF MEASUREMENT

We tested the reliability for smoking status and years since smoking cessation, kappa or intraclass coefficient ranged from 0.77 to 0.95, indicating the reliability was excellent.

DISCUSSION

In the cohort of lung cancer patients, subjects who quit smoking seemed to have a better survival compared to current smoker. Survival differences between the two groups of patients were not statistically different, possibly due to the small number of patients.

One limitation of our study is lacking of smoking cessation information updating after diagnosis. Patients who have lung cancer were more likely to stop smoking after baseline information collection, thus our study may underestimate the effect.

For clinical consideration, male lung cancer patients who is younger than 50 years old when diagnosis should pay more attention to quitting smoking.

Tags: Affordable Assignment Assistance, Custom Essay Writing, Free Essay Samples, Online Homework Help