Top Essay Writers
Our top essay writers are handpicked for their degree qualification, talent and freelance know-how. Each one brings deep expertise in their chosen subjects and a solid track record in academic writing.
Simply fill out the order form with your paper’s instructions in a few easy steps. This quick process ensures you’ll be matched with an expert writer who
Can meet your papers' specific grading rubric needs. Find the best write my essay assistance for your assignments- Affordable, plagiarism-free, and on time!
Posted: March 15th, 2024
Simultaneous Equilibria in the Benzoic Acid – Toulene -Water System
Introduction:
Students often ask, “Can you write my essay in APA or MLA?”—and the answer’s a big yes! Our writers are experts in every style imaginable: APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, you name it. Just tell us what you need, and we’ll deliver a perfectly formatted paper that matches your requirements, hassle-free.
Benzoic acid is an aromatic carboxylic acid with molecular formula, C7H6O2. It appeared as colorless crystalline solid and has a fade, pleasant odor. Benzoic acid is easily available in nature and are used as a precursor to plasticizers, and sodium benzoate. Also, it inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as yeast, mold and bacteria. It also, used as an ointment to treat the fungal diseases such as ringworm and athlete’s foot. This benzoic acid can be prepared from the bromobenzene, benzyl alcohol and benzyl chloride.
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the distribution coefficient (α) and dimerization constant of the benzoic acid in equilibrium of toluene and water. The distribution coefficient can be determined by using the distributive law which is given by the Nernst in 1891. This law states that distribution of the solute either solid or liquid between two non miscible solvents1. When the solute distributes in the two non miscible solvent at constant temperature, the solute remains in both solvent at the same molecular conditions and then, the concentration of solute in those two non miscible solvents will be equal to the distribution constant, K. In this experiment, the two non miscible solvents are water and toluene. There are three equilibrium states occur in the system used in this experiment such as distribution equilibrium, aqueous phase equilibrium and toluene phase equilibrium. These three equilibria contain benzoic acid (HBz), water (W) and Toluene (T). The distribution occurs as monomer in water and hence, there is monmer-dimer equilibrium occurs in the water and toluene phase2. From the distribution equilibrium, the distribution coefficient, α can be calculated by,
HBz (w)HBz (T)
From the aqueous equilibrium phase, the aqueous dissociation constant, Ka is calculated as follows,
HBz (w)H+ + Bz –
From the toluene equilibrium phase, the aqueous dimerization constant, K2 is calculated as follows,
2HBz (T)(HBz)2
The total concentration of benzoic acid in Toluene (CT) and total concentration of benzoic acid in water (Cw) can determine using the formula 1 and 3, they are as follows,
Yes, totally! We lock down your info with top-notch encryption—your school, friends, no one will know. Every paper’s custom-made to blend with your style, and we check it for originality, so it’s all yours, all discreet.
Cw= [HBz]w + [H+]
CT= [HBz]T + 2[(HBz)2]
By plotting the graph using above formula, the total concentrations present in both water and toluene can be determined.
No way—our papers are 100% human-crafted. Our writers are real pros with degrees, bringing creativity and expertise AI can’t match. Every piece is original, checked for plagiarism, and tailored to your needs by a skilled human, not a machine.
Methods:
This experiment was conducted by following the procedure given in the laboratory manual by the department of chemistry, Trent University.
Related questions & Answers:
The structure of a dimer of benzoic acid is shown below,
We’re the best because our writers are degree-holding experts—Bachelor’s to Ph.D.—who nail any topic. We obsess over quality, using tools to ensure perfection, and offer free revisions to guarantee you’re thrilled with the result, even on tight deadlines.
O H- – – O
C C
O- – – H O
As benzoic acid has phenyl group and it is non polar but water is a polar solvent. Therefore, the carboxyl group in benzoic acid will be harder to form hydrogen bonding with water and decrease the interactions between the benzoic acid molecules. Hence it does not form a dimer with water. In the case of hexane, the hexane is non polar solvent and therefore, the benzoic acid forms dimer with hexane. In the case of methanol, as it has hydrogen bonding, it is considered as polar solvent. When it reacts with benzoic acid, it does not form a dimer of benzoic acid. Furthermore, in the case of propanone, benzoic acid does not form dimer because propanone is a polar solvent.
Our writers are top-tier—university grads, many with Master’s degrees, who’ve passed tough tests to join us. They’re ready for any essay, working with you to hit your deadlines and grading standards with ease and professionalism.
As the titrant solution is base solution, the indicator required to give end point is phenolphthalein. The indicator used in the titration is based on the pH values of the solutions used. In this case, as solution contains benzoic acid and its titrated against NaOH, therefore, the to bring the end point, the phenolphthalein which has pH approximately 9 is used. If the titrant is base solution, then the methyl orange, which has pH 3.5 is used to identify the end point.
Results:
Table 1 represents the volume of the benzoic acid, toluene and water added in the five solutions in different fractions of the volumes.
Solutions Are Your Papers Original?Always! We start from scratch—no copying, no AI—just pure, human-written work with solid research and citations. You can even get a plagiarism report to confirm it’s 95%+ unique, ready for worry-free submission. |
Volume of benzoic acid in toluene Solution (ml) |
Volume of water added (ml) |
Volume of toluene required to bring total volume to 100 ml (ml) |
1 Can You Match Any Citation Style?You bet! From APA to IEEE, our writers nail every style with precision. Give us your guidelines, and we’ll craft a paper that fits your academic standards perfectly, no sweat. |
50 |
50 |
0 |
2 Can I Update Instructions Mid-Order?Yep! Use our chat feature to tweak instructions or add details anytime—even after your writer’s started. They’ll adjust on the fly to keep your essay on point. |
40 |
50 |
10 |
3 How Do I Get an Essay Written?Easy—place your order online, and your writer dives in. Check drafts or updates as you go, then download the final paper from your account. Pay only when you’re happy—simple and affordable! |
25 |
50 |
25 |
4 How Fast Can You Handle Urgent Deadlines?Super fast! Our writers can deliver a quality essay in 24 hours if you’re in a pinch. Pick your deadline—standard is 10 days, but we’ll hustle for rush jobs without skimping. |
15 |
50 |
35 |
5 |
5 Can You Tackle Complex Essay Topics?Definitely! From astrophysics to literary theory, our advanced-degree writers thrive on tough topics. They’ll research deeply and deliver a clear, sharp paper that meets your level—high school to Ph.D. |
50 |
45 |
Mass of the benzoic acid used = 5.000 g
Volume of the NaOH used= 10 ml
Calculated concentration of the NaOH = 0.018 M
We tailor your paper to your rubric—structure, tone, everything. Our writers decode academic expectations, and editors polish it to perfection, ensuring it’s grade-ready.
Table 2 represents the titrated volume of the solutions against NaOH and HCl and calculated concentrations of benzoic acid in the Toluene and Water.
Solution Number |
VNaOH (w) (ml) What’s Your Editing Process?Upload your draft, tell us your goals, and our editors will refine it—boosting arguments, fixing errors, and keeping your voice. You’ll get a polished paper that’s ready to shine. |
VNaOH(T) (mL) |
VHCl (T) (mL) |
CW x 10-3 (M) |
CT x 10-2 (M) Can You Suggest Paper Topics?Sure! Need ideas? We’ll pitch topics based on your subject and interests—catchy and doable. Pick one, and we’ll run with it, or tweak it together. |
β |
Cw (1-β) |
CT/Cw (1-β) |
1 |
5.8 |
35.7 |
0.3 Do You Offer Rush Revisions?Yes! If you need quick edits, our team can turn it around fast—hours, not days—tightening up your paper for last-minute perfection. |
4.35 |
2.70 |
0.1141 |
0.00385 |
7.0130 |
2 Can You Provide Outlines First?Absolutely! We’ll draft an outline based on your topic so you can approve the plan before we write—keeps everything aligned from the start. |
5.4 |
28.9 |
0.4 |
4.05 |
2.20 |
0.1181 |
0.00357 |
6.1625 Can You Include Data Analysis?You bet! Need stats or charts? Our writers can crunch numbers and craft visuals, making your paper both sharp and professional. |
3 |
4.9 |
16.4 |
0.8 |
3.67 |
1.30 |
0.1236 |
0.00322 |
5.3450 |
4 How Do You Handle Long-Term Projects?We break it down—delivering each part on time with consistent quality. From proposals to final drafts, we’re with you all the way. |
3.0 |
10.7 |
1.6 |
2.25 |
0.92 Can You Write for Global Standards?Yep! Whether it’s UK, US, or Australian rules, we adapt your paper to fit your institution’s style and expectations perfectly. |
0.1545 |
0.00190 |
4.8421 |
5 |
2.2 Is there a possibility of plagiarism in my completed order?We write every paper from scratch just for you, and we get how important it is for you to feel confident about its originality. That’s why we double-check every piece with our own in-house plagiarism software before sending it your way. This tool doesn’t just catch copy-pasted bits—it even spots paraphrased sections. Unlike well-known systems like Turnitin (used by most universities), we don’t store or report anything to public databases, so your check stays private and safe. We stand by our plagiarism-free guarantee to ensure your paper is totally unique. That said, while we can promise no plagiarism from open web sources or specific databases we check, no tech out there (except Turnitin itself) can scan every source Turnitin indexes. If you want that extra peace of mind, we recommend running your paper through WriteCheck (a Turnitin service) and sharing the report with us. |
5.7 |
5.0 |
1.65 |
0.80 When will my order be assigned to the writer?The moment you place your order, we jump into action to find the perfect writer for you. Usually, we’ve got someone lined up within an hour. Sometimes, though, it might take a few hours—or in rare cases, a few days—if we need someone super specialized. If no writers from your chosen category are free, we’ll suggest one from a lower category and refund the difference if you’d paid extra for that option. Want to keep tabs on things? You can always peek at your order’s status on your personal order page. |
0.1773 |
0.00136 |
5.8823 Figure 1 represents the plot of Cw (1-β) versus CT/Cw (1-β). Data Analysis & Calculations: Volume of HBz in water, V1= 0.02 L Volume of NaOH, V2= 0.0058 L Concentration of NaOH, C2= 0.015 M Concentration of HBz, Cw= (0.0058 x 0.015) / 0.02 M = 4.35 x 10-3 M Volume of HBz in water, V1= 0.02 L Volume of NaOH + HCl, V2= 0.036 L Concentration of NaOH, C2= 0.015 M Concentration of HBz, CT= (0.036 x 0.015) / 0.02 M = 2.70 x 10-2 M By using the below formula, the value of β was calculated, The value of Ka for benzoic acid is 6.46 x 10-5 0.00435 β2 + 6.46 x 10-5 β – 6.46 x 10-5 Using the quadratic formula, the value of β is, β = 0.1141 Calculation of Cw (1-β) for solution 1, Cw (1-β)= 0.00435 (1- 0.1141) = 0.00385 Calculation of CT/Cw (1-β) for solution 1, CT/Cw (1-β)= (0.0270) / (0.00385) = 7.013 From the figure 1, the value of K2 and α are as follows, Y = -0.1344 x + 5.8939 α (intercept) = 0.1344 2α2K2= 5.8939 K2= (5.8939 ) / (0.03613) = 163.13 M Discussion: The experiment was conducted with careful consideration to get the result as close as to the real value. However, due to the some experimental error involved in this experiment, the calculated values are not close to the literature value. The calculated K2 value is 163.13 L/mol and the alpha value is 0.1344. The literature values are 260 L/mol and 1.49 respectively. Figure 1 represents the plot of Cw (1-β) versus CT/Cw (1-β). Based on the graph shown on figure 1, the peak is falling and then raising. When the amount of benzoic acid decreases, the amount of concentration of toluene increases. On the contrary, the value of concentration of benzoic acid (HBz) in water is higher than the concentration of HBz in toluene. In comparison with the literature value, the calculated value has deviated from it. However, the calculated percentage error is 37 %. This is considered as large difference when compared to literature values. These differences between the calculated and literature value occurred due to the experimental error. Equipments used in this experiment were used by the previous batch. As the experiment was conducted using the pre used equipments, there might be an error in the contamination. The solution that has made in this experiment has to be mixed well. This will provide a more accurate result. Failure to do this step might have resulted in the failure of result. Also, the burette reading and end point notification are considered one of the errors which lead to inaccurate result. Due to these occurrences, the experiment does not turn successful and have heavily affected the final results. Moreover, the adjustment made in the water bath and less time of keeping the solution in the water bath also might be lead to the error in the final result. Because temperature is ne of the factor affects the dissociation of particles. Furthermore, due to the weather condition (winter), temperature and pressure changes and might not favored to conduct the experiment. Conclusion: In conclusion, the simultaneous equilibria of benzoic acid presence in the water and toluene solvent was studied by conducting this experiment. In order to get accuracy of result, the precision can be improved by more attention on the experimental procedure and handling the equipments. Also, accurate result can be made by observing the measurements such as notifying the burette reading and end point in a proper manner. References
Why Choose Essay Bishops?You Want The Best Grades and That’s What We Deliver Top Essay WritersOur top essay writers are handpicked for their degree qualification, talent and freelance know-how. Each one brings deep expertise in their chosen subjects and a solid track record in academic writing. Affordable PricesWe offer the lowest possible pricing for each research paper while still providing the best writers;no compromise on quality. Our costs are fair and reasonable to college students compared to other custom writing services. 100% Plagiarism-FreeYou’ll never get a paper from us with plagiarism or that robotic AI feel. We carefully research, write, cite and check every final draft before sending it your way. |