SEDIMENT REMOVAL IN STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PONDS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Chapter:1 INTRODCUTION 2

1.1 General Information   2

1.1.1 Time Frame for Stormwater Management in Ontario…………………………………………..……….2

1.1.2 Types of Ponds………………………………………………………………………………………………………….3

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1.2 Types of Pollutants  4

1.2.1 Suspended Solids………………………………………………………………………………………………………4

1.2.2 Heavy Metals…………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5

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1.2.3 Chlorides………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……..5

1.2.4 Other Constituents………………………………………………………………………………….………………..6

1.3 Problem Statement……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….6

1.4 Scope & Objectives………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…..7

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Chapter:2 BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW 8

2.1 Stormwater Management Ponds 8

2.2 Total Suspended Solids   9

2.3 TSS Impact on Pond Performance……………………………………………………………………………………….10

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2.4 Long-Term Maintenance of Ponds………………………………………………………………………………………..11

Chapter: 3 SUSPENDED SOLIDS LOADING IN PONDS…………………………………………….14

3.1 Catchment Characteristics……………………………………………………………………………………………..……14

3.2 Previous Work…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…….15

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3.2.1 Best Management Practices……………………………………………………………………………………..16

3.2.2 Monitoring Studies…………………………………………………………………………………………………..16

3.2.3 Runoff from Land Uses……………………………………………………………………………………………17

Chapter: 4 TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLIDS REMOVAL IN PONDS……………………………….20

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    4.1 Hydraulics…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………20

4.2 Quiescent Settling………………………………………………………………………………………………………………23

4.2.1 Empirical Models…………………………………………………………………………………………………….23

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4.2.2 Sediment Trap Efficiency………………………………………………………………………………………….24

4.3 Pond Design Guidelines……………………………………………………………………………………………………….25

4.3.1 Stormwater Best Management Practice Design Guide (USEPA)………………………………….. 25

4.3.2 Stormwater Management Planning and Design Manual………………………………………………..29

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Chapter: 5 MODELING OF SEDIMENT REMOVAL IN PONDS…………………………………33

    5.1 Stormwater Management Model…………………………………………………………………………………………..33

5.2 PCSSWMM……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….33

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5.2 System for Urban Water Treatment and Analysis Integration (SUSTAIN) ………………………………….34

5.3 WinSLAMM……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..35

5.4 WinDETPOND………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….35

Chapter: 6 CONCLUSIONS…………………………………………………………………………………………………..40

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Chapter: 7 REFERENCES…………………………………………………………………………………………….41

1        CHAPTER: 1 INTRODUCTION

1. General Information

It is evident that urban stormwater contributes to the degradation of waterways through adversely changing the stream morphology, water quality, aquatic habitat, and ecosystem. In urban regions, increasing impervious surface construction has hindered water percolation and groundwater recharge which often creates urban flooding and direct discharge of stormwater and associated pollutants into streams. In order to minimize these impacts, urban stormwater management practices are divided into two control categories: Lot-level and conveyance controls and End-of-pipe facilities. Lot-level and conveyance controls are enforced to maintain the natural hydrologic cycle to the greatest extent possible and end-of-pipe facilities are needed for flood, erosion control and water quality improvements. (Casey, Simon, & Atueyi, 2006). In this project, we are considering end-of-pipe controls particularly stormwater management ponds. These ponds are designed to capture and store the runoff from impervious surfaces, promote infiltration and retain sediments

1.      Time Frame of Stormwater Management in Ontario

The evolution of stormwater management happened in the early 1980’s in Ontario, the main objective was then to provide flood control although over the time there were drastic improvements in the management practices.

In early 90’s the management adopted the Master Drainage Plan focusing on floodplain management, runoff quality control, and erosion control. This resulted in the construction of dry and wet ponds for most effective solutions to these issues.

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In today’s practices, there are number objectives covered under (OMOE, 2003) which not only includes the ones covered previously but also regulates the treatment of these ponds, fisheries protection, stream morphology and protection of ground water. One of best management practices for stormwater management are followed through water balance, use of green infrastructure and LID practices to accelerates the process of more surface runoff into stormwater ponds (Macmilan & Glen).

2.      Types of Ponds

According to U.S protection agency, the stormwater ponds are divided into two types depending on their different applications and characteristics.

1. Dry Ponds:

Stormwater dry ponds are constructed to store temporarily excess stormwater, these ponds are not meant to hold stormwater for the longer period of time. The pollutants are allowed to settle down at the bottom of the basin and the water is allowed to slowly drain out to the adjoining land features including wetlands and streams. The dry detention ponds have two primary applications to be used for flood control, encourage water quality control (pollutant removal) and channel protection. Unlike wet ponds they do not have a permanent pool, however, they are sometimes used as an extra space to store stormwater in the case of flood emergencies. The design and costs of these ponds depend upon the drainage area, slope, soils/topography, and groundwater, however dry detention ponds are the least expensive Stormwater treatment practices.

2. Wet Ponds:

Wet ponds are mostly identical to dry ponds except that they are meant to store stormwater for a longer period of time. They are constructed larger in size than dry ponds so that they can hold a specific large volume of stormwater. The basins of wet ponds have permanent pool throughout the year and nutrients uptakes happen due to biological activities. These ponds are most extensively applicable Stormwater treatment practice due to their broad rescue protection goals such as flood control, channel protection, groundwater recharge and pollutant removal. Although these ponds may require annual inspection and monthly maintenance to clean and remove debris from inlet and outlets.

The size and design parameters of wet and dry ponds are similar that depend upon the drainage area, slope, soils/topography, groundwater and also a number of impervious surfaces available. It is also considered that these ponds are most cost-effective stormwater management practices. Both the types of the basin are designed depending on specific time stormwater events (for example 10 years).

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3. Constructed Wetlands:

Wetlands are widely applicable in stormwater management practices and have similar structural design and functions as that of wet ponds. Wetlands have shallow zones (less than 0.5m) and incorporate wetland plants which most effective pollutant removal and also aesthetic value. The wetlands are used to achieve following resource protection goals such as flood control, channel protection, and pollutant removal.

2. Types of Pollutants in Stormwater Ponds

The time when rainfall strikes the surface till it reaches to the stormwater ponds the water encounters various sources of contamination. The urban runoff is comprised of various contaminants depending upon the location of runoff (residential, commercial, industrial, agricultural etc.), time of contact and their level of concentrations present.

The pollutants can enter in water through various mechanisms in the runoff and these mechanisms all together can lead to severe water quality degradation. Some of these following mechanisms are: Atmospheric Scrubbing, Scour, and Erosion, Surface Wash off, Deposition and Transport and transformation etc. (Hamind & Tsihrintzis, 1997)

The following pollutants are typically found in stormwater runoff:

1.      Suspended Solids: These are the principal pollutant in urban runoff and the one we are considering our study for this project. The suspended are usually the street dust and eroded sediments which make the water turbid/cloudy and have the particle size greater than 0.4 μm. These are the pollutants which do not settle down in the water and comprises of organic (25-30% of TTS) and inorganic materials. (Hamind & Tsihrintzis, 1997).

The Table 1.1 below shows the concentrations of various pollutants present in urban stormwater runoff inflow to ponds in comparison to their acceptable provincial water quality standards (stormwater management planning and design mannual, 2003).

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Table 1.1 Comparison of Urban Stormwater Runoff Concentrations with Provincial Water Quality Objectives

High levels of suspended solids in runoff (greater than 120 mg/L) present in the stormwater runoff tends to have serious impacts on the receiving water (Richard, 2010). The runoff which enters directly into the water without any treatment before is responsible for degrading the quality of receiving water by making it turbid, inhibiting plant growth and destroying aquatic species diversity (Shammaa & Zhu, 2013).

2.      Heavy Metals: The concentrations of heavy metals are proven to be found greater in stormwater than in sanitary sewage. Heavy metals such as cadmium, zinc, lead, and arsenic etc. are the pollutants from major contributors like automobiles, industrial and commercial land uses. The pollutants from these sources directly lead to in contact with runoff. Increased amount of these heavy metals above their threshold standard in water will possess serious contamination issues.
3.      Chlorides: high amount of chloride content are found in the water during the entire winter season, salts are applied all over the roads and pavements during the early phase of snowfall. U.S.A range salt quantities ranges from 180-550 kg per two-lane street per mile (Hamind & Tsihrintzis, 1997). The high amount of salts is washed off directly into runoffs and into ground water.
4.      Other Constituents: There are various other pollutants which are taken into consideration such as Oil, grease, and hydrocarbons which are added into runoff through highways. It is found that every year considerable amount (4.2 X10⁹ liters) (Hamind & Tsihrintzis, 1997) of lubricants are lost into the environment from the automobiles and industries through spills. Hydrocarbons released from motor vehicles remains suspended in the air and then get scrubbed when rainfall occurs and finally making their way into the runoff.

3. Problem Statement

The concept of stormwater ponds was first designed as simple storage facilities with well-defined hydraulic and hydrologic functions without any consideration towards the water quality standards (Buren, Watt, & Marasalek, 1997). Indeed human activities can have inevitable effects not only on drainage basin hydrology but also on the hydrological cycle. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently stated that urban runoff is the second most source of pollution to U.S lakes and rivers (USEPA, 1994).

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For decades, these stormwater ponds and wetlands have been used to overcome these impacts, but sometimes these practices may be comprised due to several reasons such as improper design and siting, poor vegetation management, clogged inlets and outlets and inadequate access to maintenance.

The design and characteristics of each pond are different which depends on its operation, therefore, it is difficult to determine a standard stormwater management pond performance. Although number of studies have been conducted to define the efficiencies of these ponds in removing different types of pollutants but, there is always lack of long-term pollutant removal efficiency data which makes it complex for stormwater engineers and managers to understand.

The performance of stormwater management pond is majorly hindered when there is reduced storage capacity due to sediment accumulation when it exceeds the water quality storage requirements and regulations (OMOE, 2013).

Sediment accumulation is essential to indicate that the pond is successful in performing its functions of sediment and pollutant removal. In order to keep the stormwater management pond fully functional for the long-term basis, it is important to have a regular monitoring, maintenance, and sediment removal mechanism.

Furthermore, the approach is to provide a desired system-wide approach towards sediment settling efficiencies and long-term performance of total suspended solids as per OMOE standards from the stormwater management ponds by choosing within the range of potential computer models available.

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4. Scope & Objectives

The objective of this project is to investigate and report on issues relevant for sediment removal in stormwater management (SWM) ponds.  The focus on the project will be specifically in the design of SWM ponds, sediment loading rates, removal mechanisms, and modeling of suspended solids capture.

The report will entail the following:

• Review of hydrologic and hydraulic concepts related to flows and sediment loadings of SWM ponds

• Review of design guidelines and standards for SWM ponds

• Review of theories related to discrete particle settling, and modeling approaches of the same that have been used to predict the sediment accumulation in SWM ponds

• Development and application of a USEPA SWMM model of a single catchment to simulate the long-term loading and removal of suspended solids

• Producing a final report summarizing the literature review and study results.

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2. CHAPTER: 2 BACKGROUND AND LITERATURE REVIEW
   1. Stormwater Management (SWM) Ponds

Stormwater is referred to rainfall and heavy snow that melts to flow over the land (roads, houses, parking lots, commercial and industrial properties) down into the water drains. These drains direct the flow of water into the nearby constructed pond known as SWM ponds.

Stormwater management ponds are widely used as best management practices in Australia, Canada, Northern Europe and the USA. These ponds are designed to provide flood control by holding runoff from impervious surfaces and water quality control by allowing the settling of sediments and associated pollutants reducing the need for multiple end-of-pipe facilities (MOEE 1994). As reported by USEPA, stormwater ponds are proven efficient to provide 90% removal of suspended solids (TSS) and other pollutants at considerable rates. (Marsalek & Marsalek, 1997). In addition to resource protection benefits of wet ponds, it has been found that these ponds also provide economic benefits by increasing property values because of “Pond Front”.

The SWM planning and design and manual (STORMWATER MANAGEMENT POND) states that the wet ponds are less land-intensive and are normally more reliable during adverse weather conditions (e.g. Winter/spring). These ponds are commonly designed individually, in response to recognized land use pattern, to provide aimed level of sediment removal (Harrell & Ranjithan, 2003).

The main purpose of the wet pond is to remove the various pollutants and sediments present in stormwater runoff before it is discharged into receiving water. In order to achieve that goal, the runoff is held in these ponds for a significant duration of time (detention time), and gravitational settling works to settle the particles at the bottom of the pond.

The wet ponds comprise a permanent pool and dynamic storage for the removal of suspended solids and are designed to detain a 2-year, 24-hour storm period and in most cases, the selected design storm ranges from 12.5 mm to 25 mm. Pond design constitutes of an inlet, sediment forebay, outlet and outfall (Chocat & Marsalek, 2002) which are explained further in details in section: 4.1 and 4.2.

2. Total Suspended Solid Removal in Ponds

The focus of this report is on total suspended solids (TTS) accumulation rates in SWM ponds. The fine particles present in stormwater runoff often carried as suspended materials, however, a total load of these suspended particles all together is called total suspended solids (TTS).

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TSS is considered as one of the major pollutants in the stormwater runoff with its harmful impacts on the acquiring water bodies by increasing turbidity, inhibiting plant growth, affecting river aquatic life and depleting dissolved oxygen. Every year around thousands of tons of TTS are released to the rivers with about 70% of this loading attributed to stormwater runoff (Shammaa Y. , Zhu, Gyurek, & Labatiuk, 2002). It is considered that total suspended solid is directly proportional to the degree of urbanization and therefore stormwater management ponds are one of the proactive source control practices.

The suspended solids accumulation rates in SWM ponds vary over a wide range, depending upon various factors such as catchment area characteristics, precipitation patterns and pond design and operation.

The settling of suspended solids in a pond is complex process encircling various sub-processes such as diffusion, advection, particle flocculation and disaggregation (by turbulence) and hence resulting into sediment disposition or scouring (Krishnappan, Marsalek, Watt, & Anderson, 1999).

(Shammaa Y. , Zhu, Gyurek, & Labatiuk, 2002) states that the TTS removal rate is a function of detention time, depth of pond and particle settling velocities. The suspended solids present in these ponds are available in different particle sizes and have their respective percentage in urban runoff and average settling velocities (MOEE 1994) see Table 2.1. The particle settling velocity is dependent on its size, shape and specific gravity (density).

Table 2.1 Settling velocities for different sizes of particles in stormwater (MOEE 1994)

From the above table 2.1, it can be concluded that the particles with greater size fraction have higher percentage particle mass in urban runoff and have more average settling velocities in comparison to the lighter particles.

In the STORMWATER MANAGEMENT POND design approach, the first step is to determine the protection level (Table 2.2) based on the long-term suspended solids removal of the pond and their lethal and chronic effects on aquatic life.

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Table: 2.2 TSS Removal Criteria (stormwater management planning and design mannual, 2003)

3. TSS Impacts on Pond Performance

The percentage of suspended solids removal is often used as the indicator of overall long term performance of stormwater quality control ponds.

The combination of increased imperviousness and increased peak flows severely affect the type and quantity of suspended solids inflow to the ponds. The long-term changes in composition and concentration of suspended solids beyond the provided acceptable standards (stormwater management planning and design mannual, 2003) can have potential cumulative effects on the pond performance (Packman , Comings, & Booth, 1999).

Every stormwater pond has designed active storage depth of providing quality control through the settling of particles which is usually about 2 meters for wet ponds. Due to lack of monitoring and maintenance of these ponds with years and years of sediment accumulations often results into when the suspended solids removal performance comes to a limit of design storage beyond which there is negligible evidence of an increase in the settling of suspended solids (stormwater management planning and design mannual, 2003). In conclusion, the stormwater ponds are designed to provide about 90% of sediment removal but the sediment accumulation reduces the effective storage volume and the long-term STORMWATER MANAGEMENT POND removal efficiency of suspended solids.

Thus to keep the ponds full functional all the time, they have to be properly maintained and regular sediment removal is essential (Marsalek & Marsalek, 1997).

4. Long Term Maintenance of Ponds

Similar to other municipal infrastructures such as roads, water supply, sanitary sewers, water and wastewater treatment plants etc., for the effective long-term operation of stormwater ponds requires suitable maintenance strategies. One of the main reasons behind the failure and poor performance of stormwater ponds in the past is due to lack of maintenance which makes it mandatory for the STORMWATER MANAGEMENT POND designers to provide management facilities in order to evaluate the removal and disposal of accumulated sediments in stormwater ponds. (Stormwater management facility sediment maintenance guide , 1999)

In order to have long-term maintenance of the ponds, (stormwater management planning and design mannual, 2003) states that it is advisable to prepare an annual maintenance report which includes the following information annually:

• Inspection – which includes observations made from the inspection results such as hydraulic operations of the facility (detention time, the occurrence of overflows, conditions of vegetation, inlet and outlet function, spills and oil/grease contaminations, trash build-up.
• Measured sediment depths ( under/above-provided guideline standards)
• Monitoring results of flows
• Maintenance and operation activities
• Detailed recommendations and maintenance for upcoming years.

The sediment removal that accumulates in STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PONDS is dependent on many factors as:

• type of stormwater management ponds;
• design storage volume;
• characteristics of the catchment area (explained in detailed in section: 3.1)
• municipal practices

The maintenance frequency for sediment removal in the pond can be calculated theoretically based on the rate of performance reduction (removal frequency of sediments) with a loss in the storage volume, although there are some limitations of this performance-storage relationship in conditions such as upstream development and poor sediment/erosion control.

The way to assess the rate of sediment accumulation is through performing continuous simulations for end-of-pipe stormwater management facilities (i.e. SWM ponds).

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These simulations indicate the total suspended solids removal efficiencies with the varying volume of storage and different levels of imperviousness. These removal efficiencies are then converted into volumes of sediment captured by the SWM ponds on an annual basis.

Once the protection level is established, the designed storage volumes for the wet pond can be determined from Table 2.3 for different impervious levels.