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Posted: February 25th, 2025
Reliable and Economy Modes of Operation for Electric Vehicle-to-Home (V2H) System
Abstract— In developing countries load shedding for hours is very common. Normally, a low power backup supply is used for essential loads only, for essential lighting and fan loads. However, there is always a need for essential backup power supply for household applications.
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Nowadays, rooftop, grid-connected solar inverters are being extensively used for home-based backup power supply in urban cities. Electric vehicle (EV) also become common in all over the word so charging and discharging of a huge battery of this vehicle through solar PV system are common. However, in case of a charged battery condition, as battery charging is done by the grid too, the power available from solar photovoltaic (PV) modules gets underutilized.
The proposed controllers modify the conventional, low-cost home-based inverter into a solar grid connected inverter with the ability of EV battery utilization. It has better control features which ensure the reliability of the power supply, as well as complete utilization of solar energy and the customers, need not buy a new expensive solar grid-connected inverter or any other devices to charge the EV battery if they already have a home-based inverter.
Index Terms— Backup power supply, Electric vehicle, home-to-vehicle (H2V).Solar PV system, PVgrid-connected inverter, Reliable power generation.
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I. INTRODUCTION
Rapid development in the field of urbanization, industrialization and modernization has helped to increase the standards of living of the human beings but it is at the cost of high energy demand. Electrical engineering has played a vital role in this regard. Electrical energy has now become one of the basic necessities of the people for their day to day life. To fulfill their needs, the rate at which the global energy reserves of oil, gas, coal, nuclear etc. are depleting causes a worldwide concern at economical, industrial and social levels. Moreover, the consumption of fossil fuel is also related to environmental pollution and global warming. The power and energy industries are responsible for 46% of the global CO2 production while the transportation industry produces 20% [1].
The current total power generating installed capacity in India is about 343,788 MW (April 2018) and about 65% generation (222,692 MW) is coming from the thermal power plant and only 20 % is from renewable energy (69022 MW). About 2165 MW solar power plant has been installed successfully [2]. Indian government significantly expanded its solar plans, targeting US$100 billion of investment and 100 GW of solar capacity by 2022 [3] [4].
The Government of India has already taken initiatives in generating more and more power through Solar Photovoltaic (SPV). The Reserve Bank of India in April 2014 has included renewable energy projects under Priority Sector Lending for which bank loans up to a limit of ₹ 15 crores to borrowers will be available for renewable energy projects including grid-connected solar rooftop and ground-mounted systems. For individual households, the loan limit is ₹ 10 lakh per borrower.
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Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) are supplying the solar panels at a 15% incentive and encouraging the people to use it to meet their energy demand [5] [6]. Moreover, the cost of PV module is continuously being reduced and in recent past, it is reduced by 20 %.
In India, the power demand is greater than the power generation. With no or improper peak load management schemes, load shedding is very common. Regular power outage for hours creates the need for home-based standby power supply. The problem in urban cities like Aligarh is that there are about 3-4 hours of mostly scheduled load shedding over the whole year. So the people use conventional dc-to-ac inverters with a lead acid battery for the standby power supply to meet the house load demand. The availability of economical electric power is an issue of the urban area. The condition is worst where there are scheduled as well as unscheduled load shedding for more than 8 hours and for the whole area is common [7]. The availability of a reliable power supply is an issue there. With development in the technology of photovoltaic system and sharp decline in the cost of PV module, PV stand-alone inverter and PV grid-tied inverter are very common in use nowadays. They are widely used in urban as well as rural areas for a wide range of applications.
There are some drawbacks with stand-alone and grid-tied inverters as far as the home load or small load is concerned in urban areas. In grid-tied applications, the cost of the inverter is very high while in stand-alone system the reliability of the power supply is poor [8].
The commercially available solar inverters are grid-connected inverters which combine the conventional dc-to-ac inverter with a dc-to-dc buck-boost converter (maximum power point tracker) to charge the battery from solar panels. So it has two input power supply (grid and PV) to charge the battery. In most of the Indian home there is a pack of battery that is for emergency backup, so for reliable backup utilization of large size of battery is necessary that Electric Vehicle (EV) batteries can play an essential role to overcome to this problem [9]. These days utilization of EVs for transportation become common all over the world as well as India, as per the National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 in India through a combination of policies aimed at gradually ensuring a vehicle population of about 6-7 million electric/hybrid vehicles in India by the year 2020 [3]. Electric vehicle batteries have massive energy storage capacity and can potentially utilize also as a backup power supply for home loads during load shedding or blackout [10].
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One of the most promising ways to utilize EV without affecting on the home billing and grid stress is PV based charging of the EV that is Home-to-Vehicle (H2V) [11].
The preference of charging the battery from PV or mains depends on their voltage levels. If the voltage level of PV is greater than the rated battery voltage only then the battery gets charged from PV otherwise it will be charged from grid. In such cases most of the time PV will be underutilized even though there is some solar energy available [12]. In another case, when the battery gets discharged during evening as no solar insolation available at that time. Ultimately the battery gets charged from grid during whole night time when the power supply will be available. In the next morning the battery remains fully charged. The solar energy which would be available next morning will be unutilized or underutilized because solar power cannot be utilized for charging the charged battery.
II. Fixed Solar PV Modules
Solar insolation on the surface of PV panel depends on the declination angle (tilt angle between surface of PV module and the horizontal) of sunlight on earth (
δ), latitude of the location (
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∅) and the inclination or tilt angle (
β) of PV module with horizon [23], [24]. The declination angle varies between +23.45 to
-23.45 throughout the year which is given by
δ=23.45sin360365284+n
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(in degree) (1)
β=∅± δ
(2)
where
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nis nth day of ythe ear starting from 1st January. In equation (2) summation is for winter and subtraction is for summer. Therefore, to harness maximum solar energy, the actual angle of inclination also varies throughout the year.
Sun tracking is a common method in a big power plant but at home scale or on a small scale it is not much desirable because of high cost of sun tracking system and complicated structure.
Thus, the inclination angle of fixed PV structure is carefully evaluated for a particular place before installation to obtain maximum overall electrical energy output. Thus, in this work, for reliable and substantial power generation in winter, the tilt angle is selected as calculated in [13]:
β=∅+15°=27.13°+15°≅42°
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where
∅=27.13°is the latitude of the locality (Aligarh, India).
Fig. 2. Basic block diagram of mode selector.
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Even though it somewhat decreases power generation in summer, but in winter the reliability of power generation increases. Therefore, in the present work,
βis kept equal to
∅+15°(i.e. 27.13+15), to operate PV modules in reliable mode with respect to winter.
III. Proposed Work
The problem of underutilization of solar energy in case of solar grid-connected inverter has been resolved by proposed system in this work. It comprises two controllers with a conventional home inverter and a solar charge controller plus EV as an energy storage system.
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The proposed system is based on the grid-assistance, which is a combination of stand-alone and grid-connected system. It uses the benefit of both the applications as the cost of the inverter in case of stand-alone in small whereas by integrating the PV system to the grid will enhance the reliability of the power supply [14]. The customer need not buy a new inverter if they already have a home-based inverter. Thus the mode of control will be more efficient.
This system is more suitable for the urban localities where there is a power supply with few hours of load shedding. The proper and total utilization of solar energy will help in reducing the stress on the regional grid during peak hours (daytime). However, in the night and when the stored energy in the EV battery is completely exhausted, the load shedding at this condition causes complete shutdown of power supply. Therefore a low power standby power supply is required for essential/ emergency load (light, fan etc.). Moreover, for rural applications where long duration of load shedding is common, ‘reliable mode’ of operation is required. In this case battery is kept charged, either by grid or by solar energy to meet load demand in case of unscheduled load shedding.
This system is most suitable for the urban localities of developing countries where a power supply with few hours of load shedding every day is common. The proper and total utilization of solar energy will help in reducing the load demand on the utility grid during peak load hours (daytime). Thus, the system also works as peak power plant by letting off the home-load from the grid during maximum insolation hours which matches with the daily peak load hours. Thus the system works as a Home-to-Vehicle (H2V) system. However, in the night and when the stored energy in the battery is completely exhausted, the load shedding at this condition causes complete shutdown of backup power supply. Therefore, a low power standby power supply is required for essential/ emergency load (light, fan etc.).
The proposed system is designed to operate in two modes viz. reliable and economy modes. In economy mode, the main focus is to maximize the use and harness of solar energy such that no energy from solar modules remains unutilized.
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While in reliability mode, the main objective is to have a reliable standby power supply available, even if the solar power is underutilized. This condition is required where scheduled and unscheduled load shedding is frequent and sometimes up to 10 to 12 hours a day. Thus, during the availability of grid power supply, the proposed system works on
A. Architecture of the proposed power system
In the proposed scheme, for harnessing total solar energy, two controllers are integrated with a solar charge controller and a single-phase conventional dc-to-ac inverter, as shown in Fig.1.
Mode selector (controller 1) is placed at the input side of the (grid) supply. It is used as selector switch which allows the charging of the battery from the grid. Source selector (controller 2) is placed at the load side. This controller is designed to schedule the supply to the home-load demand. The demand could be met from utility grid power supply or from the solar power through battery and inverter (for utilization of the solar energy). In this case, it is up to the consumers whether they want to charge the battery from solar (reliable mode) and then in case of load shedding the stored energy in battery will be utilized. Alternatively, they can use the solar energy during the day time without receiving the energy from the grid keeping the system in islanding mode. This will help to harness total solar energy and system will work in economy mode.
- Optimum Voltage based Control for Reliable and Economy Mode
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