Positive And Negative Externalities Of Flu Vaccination Economics Essay

(i) If a person decides to have a flu vaccination, it creates a positive externality as they won’t contract the flu and thus won’t pass it on to other members of the public.

(ii) Conversely, if they opt against the vaccination, a negative externality arises via the increased risk of the person gaining the flu and infecting other members of society.

What Citation Styles Can You Use for My Essay?

Students often ask, “Can you write my essay in APA or MLA?”—and the answer’s a big yes! Our writers are experts in every style imaginable: APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, you name it. Just tell us what you need, and we’ll deliver a perfectly formatted paper that matches your requirements, hassle-free.

The article suggests that the elderly gain more benefit per flu vaccine than children because they are at the “greatest risk of dying if they contract influenza”, whereas children “rarely die of seasonal influenza”. Socially however, it would be more beneficial to vaccine more children over elderly as it could “reduce the spread of flu, thus saving lives”.

Thus, as Figure 1.1 shows, it is more efficient for (i) less older people and (ii) more children to be vaccinated as this provides the greatest positive externality. This is represented by the bigger increase from PMB to SMB.

With the positive externality PMB shifts to SMB, creating a larger price and quantity traded. As Q* < Q**, this shows that there is too little of the activity done in the market equilibrium compared to efficiency.

$

PMC=SMCFigure 1.1

Is It Legal to Use Your Writing Service?

Absolutely, it’s 100% legal! Our service provides sample essays and papers to guide your own work—think of it as a study tool. Used responsibly, it’s a legit way to improve your skills, understand tough topics, and boost your grades, all while staying within academic rules.

P**

P*

SMB

How Much Does It Cost to Get a Paper Written?

Our pricing starts at $10 per page for undergrad work, $16 for bachelor-level, and $21 for advanced stuff. Urgency and extras like top writers or plagiarism reports tweak the cost—deadlines range from 14 days to 3 hours. Order early for the best rates, and enjoy discounts on big orders: 5% off over $500, 10% over $1,000!

Q* Q**

Amount of the positive externality

PMB

Q

Will My Use of This Service Stay Private?

Yes, totally! We lock down your info with top-notch encryption—your school, friends, no one will know. Every paper’s custom-made to blend with your style, and we check it for originality, so it’s all yours, all discreet.

The government could employ direct regulation to ensure there is a minimum level of flu vaccines produced (in accordance with the socially desirable amount). They could also provide consumer subsidies to allow more elderly people or struggling young families to afford flu vaccines. This is represented below.

P

A subsidy provided by the government will shift the demand curve from D(Pc) to P (Ps) by the amount of the subsidy. With consumers now willing to pay more for flu vaccines, a greater equilibrium quantity is traded, brining it closer to the socially optimal level.

S(Ps)Figure 1.2

Do You Use AI to Write Papers?

No way—our papers are 100% human-crafted. Our writers are real pros with degrees, bringing creativity and expertise AI can’t match. Every piece is original, checked for plagiarism, and tailored to your needs by a skilled human, not a machine.

Ps

P*

Pc

Q

Why Choose You for Research Papers?

We’re the best because our writers are degree-holding experts—Bachelor’s to Ph.D.—who nail any topic. We obsess over quality, using tools to ensure perfection, and offer free revisions to guarantee you’re thrilled with the result, even on tight deadlines.

D (Pc)

P (Ps)

Q* Qsubs

QUESTION TWO

An alternative to the constant fee is to allow the competitive forces of market demand and supply to determine a new equilibrium.

Who’s Writing My College Essays?

Our writers are top-tier—university grads, many with Master’s degrees, who’ve passed tough tests to join us. They’re ready for any essay, working with you to hit your deadlines and grading standards with ease and professionalism.

Excess supply

This shows the situation of excess supply. Here there are too many bikes in the racks and so they can’t be dropped off. Competitive forces will drive trade to occur at a price less than P, therefore price will decrease towards P*. There is a movement along the demand curve to Q*, making an efficient outcome.

S

PFigure 2.1

Are Your Papers Original?

Always! We start from scratch—no copying, no AI—just pure, human-written work with solid research and citations. You can even get a plagiarism report to confirm it’s 95%+ unique, ready for worry-free submission.

P

P*

D

QD Q* QS

Can You Match Any Citation Style?

You bet! From APA to IEEE, our writers nail every style with precision. Give us your guidelines, and we’ll craft a paper that fits your academic standards perfectly, no sweat.

Q

This shows the situation of excess demand. Here there are too few bikes in the racks and so they can’t be hired. Excess demand will drive the price up P to P*.This results in a movement along the supply curve to Q*, achieving equilibrium.

S

PFigure 2.2

Can I Update Instructions Mid-Order?

Yep! Use our chat feature to tweak instructions or add details anytime—even after your writer’s started. They’ll adjust on the fly to keep your essay on point.

P*

P

Q

Excess demand

How Do I Get an Essay Written?

Easy—place your order online, and your writer dives in. Check drafts or updates as you go, then download the final paper from your account. Pay only when you’re happy—simple and affordable!

QS Q* QD

D

QUESTION THREE

For the paper system the main costs will be marginal costs from the labor costs of producing the tickets. They will also comprise of the costs of the paper. The fixed costs will be very small, comprising of the cost of the printer.

In contrast the e ticket method will largely comprise of fixed costs of the initial costs of setting up the computer system. The e ticket will only have a very small MC, the small labor costs required in maintaining the website.

How Fast Can You Handle Urgent Deadlines?

Super fast! Our writers can deliver a quality essay in 24 hours if you’re in a pinch. Pick your deadline—standard is 10 days, but we’ll hustle for rush jobs without skimping.

SRATC

Figure 3.1 – e tickets Figure 3.2 – paper tickets

MC

SRATCC

MC

Can You Tackle Complex Essay Topics?

Definitely! From astrophysics to literary theory, our advanced-degree writers thrive on tough topics. They’ll research deeply and deliver a clear, sharp paper that meets your level—high school to Ph.D.

Q

Q

MC is increasing as labor costs and the cost of paper (inputs) increase with output.

SRATC curve follows the traditional U shape

MC intersects SRATC at its minimum value.

How Do You Meet My Professor’s Standards?

We tailor your paper to your rubric—structure, tone, everything. Our writers decode academic expectations, and editors polish it to perfection, ensuring it’s grade-ready.

Both MC and SRATC are higher for paper tickets.

MC is horizontal as it does not change as the quantity of output increases (eg more labor is not required as more tickets are purchased).

The first half of the SRATC curve follows the traditional U shaped structure, as it is largely the fixed costs of the website / computer. However it then flattens out as it has minimal variable costs.

A profit maximizing firm would opt for the e tickets as although fixed costs are initially high overall the costs of the tickets will be significantly lower via the e tickets system. This is portrayed in the lower SRATC.

What’s Your Editing Process?

Upload your draft, tell us your goals, and our editors will refine it—boosting arguments, fixing errors, and keeping your voice. You’ll get a polished paper that’s ready to shine.

Yes, a larger airline would experience bigger gains from switching to the e ticket system as it costs less per ticket. This allows for greater profits, especially in the long run.

QUESTION FOUR

In the home loan market the “switching costs” related to the exit fees incurred when changing home loan companies. In the equity underwriting market in the UK it relates to the costs of getting an investment bank other than the company’s corporate broker to underwite the issue.

The costs make it impossible to switch or leave if the fees are too high, effectively creating a monopoly. Firms can deny the ease of entry and exit in to the market as the customers cannot afford to leave. This allows the companies to charge whatever they want as they know they can retain the customers, effectively giving them market power.

With greater market power, these firms would be able to charge higher prices and thus receive larger profits. This means the size of the box in red shown below would increase due to the increase in prices charged.

Costs and revenue

Can You Suggest Paper Topics?

Sure! Need ideas? We’ll pitch topics based on your subject and interests—catchy and doable. Pick one, and we’ll run with it, or tweak it together.

MCFigure 4.1

ATC

Monopoly price

ATC

Q

D

Monopoly profit

Do You Offer Rush Revisions?

Yes! If you need quick edits, our team can turn it around fast—hours, not days—tightening up your paper for last-minute perfection.

Qmax

MR

QUESTION FIVE

A decrease in the demand for sugar cane results in a shift leftward in the demand curve (Fig 5.1 D1 to D2). This lowers the price to P*2, and the quantity supplied goes from Q*1 to Q*2, decreasing the quantity of suppliers.

S

PFigure 5.1

P*1

Can You Provide Outlines First?

Absolutely! We’ll draft an outline based on your topic so you can approve the plan before we write—keeps everything aligned from the start.

P*2

Q

Q*2 Q*1

D2

D1

Increases in the cost of production of sugar cane from rising fuel and fertilizer costs decreases the profits of firms. As firms are intent on profit maximization, they are less willing to supply sugar cane. This sees a reduction in the number of suppliers in the market (Fig 5.2 shift from S1 to S2, resulting in a lower equilibrium quantity traded Q*2).

S2

PFigure 5.2

Can You Include Data Analysis?

You bet! Need stats or charts? Our writers can crunch numbers and craft visuals, making your paper both sharp and professional.

S1

P*2

P*1

D

Q

Q*2 Q*1

PART B

In Victoria water is provided to households and consumers by a company called Melbourne Water. This is the sole provider of water in Victoria, making it a monopoly in that it is the only supplier of water; a basic necessity. Recently the company (run by the government), announced price increases. In some areas prices will increase by as much as 97% by 2013 (The Australian).

In attempting to explain these fairly dramatic price movements, we can examine the structure of the firm. Melbourne Water is a monopoly – meaning it has an extremely high degree of market power. This essentially means that the company can charge whatever prices it wants, within reason obviously. Monopoly’s take the market demand curve. This is unlike a firm in a competitive market, which has a horizontal demand curve.

Other market variations include firms in competitive markets, where because there are many suppliers of a product they are unable to have an impact in setting the price they charge. These firms take the prevailing market price that is determined by the forces of market demand and supply. Thus they are referred to as price takers, because they are forced to take the price offered. In contrast, monopolies and firms with a high degree of market power are able are called price makers – as they can influence the price that they charge.

PIn this situation, Melbourne Water have increased the price of water charged to Victorian residents. As they are the sole provider of water in Victoria, and given the significance and degree of necessity that water possesses, they know that they can do this without losing a great amount of customers. This is because the demand for water is essentially inelastic, represented in the diagram below.

How Do You Handle Long-Term Projects?

We break it down—delivering each part on time with consistent quality. From proposals to final drafts, we’re with you all the way.

Q

Dinelastic

In increasing the prices, the monopoly’s profits will increase. A monopoly’s profit is determined by PROFIT = (price – ATC) x Q , which can be visualized in the diagram below. The shaded area will increase as the price of water increases.

Costs and revenue

MC

Can You Write for Global Standards?

Yep! Whether it’s UK, US, or Australian rules, we adapt your paper to fit your institution’s style and expectations perfectly.

ATC

Monopoly price

ATC

Q

D

Is there a possibility of plagiarism in my completed order?

We write every paper from scratch just for you, and we get how important it is for you to feel confident about its originality. That’s why we double-check every piece with our own in-house plagiarism software before sending it your way. This tool doesn’t just catch copy-pasted bits—it even spots paraphrased sections. Unlike well-known systems like Turnitin (used by most universities), we don’t store or report anything to public databases, so your check stays private and safe. We stand by our plagiarism-free guarantee to ensure your paper is totally unique. That said, while we can promise no plagiarism from open web sources or specific databases we check, no tech out there (except Turnitin itself) can scan every source Turnitin indexes. If you want that extra peace of mind, we recommend running your paper through WriteCheck (a Turnitin service) and sharing the report with us.

Monopoly profit

Qmax

MR

The reason they don’t charge an extremely high is because the demand curve restrains the price the monopoly charges. That is, even in the case of water if the price was too unreasonable people would start to seek alternatives such as international trade or filtering sea water.

When will my order be assigned to the writer?

The moment you place your order, we jump into action to find the perfect writer for you. Usually, we’ve got someone lined up within an hour. Sometimes, though, it might take a few hours—or in rare cases, a few days—if we need someone super specialized. If no writers from your chosen category are free, we’ll suggest one from a lower category and refund the difference if you’d paid extra for that option. Want to keep tabs on things? You can always peek at your order’s status on your personal order page.

Melbourne Water have ownership of a key natural resource and thus have an extremely high degree of market power. As such they are able to increase the price they charge for water, and in doing so increase their profits.

Tags: Cheap Essay Writing, Homework Writing Service, Online assignment help, Research Paper Assistance