Physiology of the Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems

Exercise Physiology Practical Report 2018

Introduction                                                                                                

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This report outlines the results and analysis of an experiment to study the physiology of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and how they respond to short periods of exercise.

The cardiovascular system consists of three major components: blood, the heart and blood vessels (Tortora and Derrickson, 2017, p.6) and during short periods of exercise (in this case cycling), whether the oxygen demands are met depends on the cardiac output. Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps out of the ventricles into the aorta per minute (Hill and Olson, 2012). During exercise, the heart pumps faster as a result of high blood pressure to enable sufficient cardiac output, which helps deliver greater volumes of oxygen to active muscle tissues where there is a higher demand. The reason behind heart rate increasing with exercise is due to neural and hormonal control. During exercise, parasympathetic nervous activity is reduced, and sympathetic nervous activity is increased via the sinoatrial node (SAN) which results in the heart rate increasing (Birch, McLaren and George, 2004). The heart also oxygenates blood by returning it to the lungs via blood vessels for gas exchange to occur.In addition, the respiratory system which includes the lungs and the air pathways such as the trachea, bronchi and the pharynx also responds to physical activity. When exercising, greater oxygen must be transported through the blood vessels. Exercising stimulates increased ventilation (Birch, McLaren and George, 2004) and so alongside an increased heart rate, the rate and depth of breathing increases (Hoefs, 2017). This is to make sure that more oxygen is absorbed into the blood and more carbon dioxide is being expired.

Pulse pressure is the difference between maximum pressure your heart exerts while beating (systolic pressure), and the amount of pressure in your arteries between beats (diastolic pressure) (nhs.uk, 2016). Due to increased stroke volume (volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle), pulse pressure increases during exercise.

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Aim

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To identify how the human respiratory and cardiovascular system responds to 15 minutes of rest and exercise physiologically, in particular observing the respiratory rate, pulse pressure and the volume of expired carbon dioxide.

Hypothesis

During periods of exercise, the respiratory rate will increase resulting in higher pulse pressure and a greater volume of carbon dioxide being expired.

Results

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The data that was collected was for 64 participants however 18 participants were excluded from the final data.  This was because it was incomplete and since three variables were being measured, the overall effects on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems could not be determined as the three are linked – with pulse pressure and expired CO₂ increasing when respiratory rate increases.

Figure 1: This is a mean ± standard deviation graph for the respiratory rate per minute for all 46 participants. This includes the resting, exercising and recovery values. The resting period was between 1 to 4 minutes followed by the exercise phase which started at 5 minutes and ended at 10 minutes, where the recovery period started.

Figure 1 depicts that the average resting respiratory rate for the participants is between 15 and 28 breaths per minute. Whilst data shows that the normal accepted range is 12 to 20 breaths per minute (Resus.org.uk, 2015), the slight difference could be due to varying ages and health of the participants. Figure 1 also indicates that average respiratory rate significantly increased during the exercise phase and began to decrease post-exercise and despite being very close, did not quite reach the resting values. The data has been presented in a mean ± standard deviation graph to show an overall trend.