Table of Contents

1 Introduction – “Performance Testing for Handheld Devices”

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1.1 Objectives of Handheld Device Performance testing

1.2 Application types running on Handheld Devices

2 Handheld Device Mobile Application Architecture

2.1 Android Platform

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2.2 iOS Platform

2.3 Windows Mobile (WinCE) Platform

2.4 Symbian OS Platform

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3 Requirements for handheld device application performance testing

4 Testing Strategy for Handheld Device Applications:

5 Testing Process for performance of Handheld Mobile apps

5.1 Requirement Phase

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5.2 Performance Test plan

5.3 Test design

5.4 Scripting

5.5 Execution

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5.6 Test Analysis

5.7 Report preparation

6 Testing Team Roles w.r.t Management and Technical aspects of software development

7 Performance Testing types for handheld device mobile apps

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7.1 Stress Testing

7.2 Load Testing

7.3 Spike Testing

7.4 Volume Testing

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7.5 Endurance Testing

8 Testing tools

8.1 LoadRunner

8.2 JMeter

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9 Current Status of Research, Development and Practice

10 Conclusion

11 References

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1         Introduction – “Performance Testing for Handheld Devices”

Nowadays most of the technical devices (such as Smartphones, Watches, tabs, IPads/IPods) have the ability to connect to internet. There are numerous applications available for the users of these systems. Internet connection has changed people’s standard of living, easier and smart. This is the main reason why these internet enabled hand held devices are called as Smart devices. These smart handheld devices are much more interactive than any other handheld devices and can be called an improved version of way of interaction to the complex underlying systems.

There are thousands of applications available for these smart devices over the app stores. Users/Buyers are also allowed to create their own applications and publish them in these smart handheld devices.  This enables any user to be a developer and earn money by selling his/her applications.

During the process of development of Smart software applications for such handheld devices, testing is very important and necessary.  Testing is done to find out the problems and bugs (errors) occurring at the time of development and/or after it. The issues identified should be fixed before actually releasing that application to the application store or webstore and making it available for download for these smart handheld device users. If the performance of such handheld devices running software’s on them or applications running on them, is not up to the satisfaction level of the users, it will negatively impacts to the producers/key stakeholders of these products. And hence performance testing of such handheld devices is equally important.

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Performance testing process assures the effective performance and quality of the software application running on to these handheld devices.  It helps us to measure performance in terms of –

1. Response time (UI based performance) experienced by the users which ensure high customer satisfaction and retention of such devices by these customers.
2. Backend infrastructure supporting to the network traffic generated by these handheld devices
3. Performance monitoring once after the application has been released to webstore and keeping track of rise or fall in application adaption and also keeping tracking on user reviews to see if there are any reporting related to performance behavior.

   So, to test Smart handheld device software, a testing platform is very much needed.
   Thus, this report addresses testing platforms for handheld device applications (limited to Smart Phones/Watches, Tabs, IPad/IPods).

Performance testing helps to answer many of the below stakeholder’s (producers, buyers, users etc) questions such as

• Are we ready to go live?
  • Will our system cope with the unexpected?
  • Will our failover work correctly?
  • How stable is our system / product is?
• Why is our system performance poor?
  • Is our system design inefficient?
  • Where are the bottlenecks in the system?
• Does our system comply with the businesses performance requirements?
  • The business does X transactions per day, can the web application handle our busiest hours.
  • Does this release perform as well as the live version?
• What will happen if our business grows?
  • How does our application scale?
  • What is the max throughput we can handle?

1.1       Objectives of Handheld Device Performance testing

Below are the important objectives for carrying out performance testing of handheld device software’s:

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1. Measure end-to-end transaction response time
2. Workload monitoring and to measure server component performance under various different  workloads
3. Measuring the software performance on various platforms (same software application running on separate handheld devices but using completely different platform).
4. Monitoring system resource utilizations (such as memory, CPU utilization, and battery consumption) at varying workloads.
5. Network monitoring between the software running handheld device and the backend supporting infrastructure.

1.2       Application types running on Handheld Devices

1. Handheld applications / Native Software:
   • This is also called as a “Platform” or an integrated
     software component that is running on to the
     handheld device. These software components
     are accessible all the time on to the handheld
     device and are accessible all the time through
     the icons resides on the touch panel of the
     handheld device.
   • Downloadable Software applications – These types of application software’s are available on webstore for download and go. These can be installed on to handheld devices to support a particular need or functionality.
   • Platform independent applications accessing hardware components for the handheld device. Examples of such applications are – Camera, Contact lists, or phone dialer accessing the wireless cellular networks to make phone calls
2. Client based Applications
   • These are similar to native applications sitting on the handheld device, but acts like a client application and run or accessed via web-browser.
   • Such applications are developed to run on a single host platform but provide the interfaces so that it is independent of the handheld device operating system.
3. Hybrid applications / Application market-place
   • These types of applications are similar to client applications accessing web-service through web-browser, but these are developed to work on different handheld device platforms. These are developed once but can be deployed on multiple handheld device platforms. Examples of such applications are – shopping applications.

2         Handheld Device Mobile Application Architecture

Most handheld mobile devices extend existing business system or their interfaces. There are typically three major components to a handheld device mobile architecture-

• An existing system
• A middleware application
• A handheld application

Handheld device mobile application architecture is defined by using a set of techniques and patterns that are used to develop handheld device applications. While defining the architecture, specific industry and vendor standards are taken into consideration.

Handheld mobile device application is normally designed in multiple layers as shown in the below diagram. Each layers defines the usability of the app.

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Handheld device application, can be developed as a thin Web-based client or a rich client.  In rich client type of handheld device applications, you will find that business and data services layers are available on the handheld device. In case of thin client apps, the business and data layers are available on the server.

2.1         Android Platform

Google has developed a very popular Linux-based mobile phone operating system (OS) called as “Android”. It powers various handheld devices such as smartphones, tabs, smartwatches, and cameras. Google created a group of hardware, software, and telecommunication companies known as “Open Handset Alliance” with the goal of contributing to Android development.  This OS is widely used in almost all touch screen enabled handheld devices.

As you see in the above diagram, in the android platform stack, android applications is the topmost layer.  Android development team builds these applications using android java framework. This framework provides high level services and APIs which android applications can use. This framework includes – activity manager, resource manager, notification manager, location manager etc.  The Dalvik Virtual Machine using its native core libraries converts the java class program files into executable files that have .dex extensions.  These are optimized binaries that can be executed on smaller processors and low memory environments. Dalvik Virtual Machine takes advantages of underlying Linux core features such as multi-threading, process and device management and memory management.

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2.2         iOS Platform

This OS is developed by Apple Inc. and is used as a common platform for developing and building applications for all apple produced handheld devices such as iPhone, iPads, Smart-watches etc. iOS architecture is layered as shown below:

Cocoa Touch Layer: This is the topmost layer of iOS architecture available for the applications. It contains some of the key frameworks such as UIKit framework.

Large number of high level features such as layout generation, printing, sensing gesture etc., are provided to developers in this layer. In addition to this, it also provides Map Kit, Event Kit, and Message UI frameworks.

Media Layer: This layer contains a large number of  assets library frameworks,  APIs . These library frameworks provide easy access to handheld device photos and videos. There is also a ‘Core Image framework’ that helps in manipulating images through various filters. Similarly the Core Graphics framework provides capabilities for 2D drawings
Core Services Layer: This layer manages fundamental system services which native iOS applications use.
Core OS Layer: This layer is the base layer for all the layers above it. It also provides security framework which applications can use directly. This layer encapsulate the kernel environment and low level UNIX interfaces to which application doesn’t have access for security reasons though through the ‘libSystem’ library low level features related to BSD sockets, POSIX threads, and DNS services can be accessed.

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2.3         Windows Mobile (WinCE) Platform

This OS is developed by Microsoft for handheld devices – smartphones, mobile devices. It uses WinCE kernel. Its look and feel is similar to what we see on desktop window. It includes a suite of basic applications developed with the Microsoft Windows API

Most of the windows handheld mobile devices have a standard set of features, such as multitasking and the ability to navigate a file system similar to that of Windows 9xand Windows NT, including support for many of the same file types. Internet explorer is the default web browser.

2.4         Symbian OS Platform

Almost every mobile phone / handheld device manufacturer has models which have this OS. Symbian user interface mostly used by Motorola and Sony Ericsson. This was the popular OS platform for developing the applications for Nokia handheld mobile devices.

Below table show the comparison between platforms available for the handheld App development:

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3         Requirements for handheld device application performance testing

Handheld device applications need to be tested on various handheld devices and OS under different network conditions. The requirements get formed based on the challenges.
Challenges involved in mobile application testing are explained below which in turn  generated the requirements:

1. Multiple mobile platforms and versions: There are different mobile operating systems in the market. The major ones (Android, iOS, Symbian, blackberry and windows) are explained above. Testing handheld application across multiple devices running on same platform and every platform poses a unique challenge for testers.
2. Handheld mobile device diversity: This is an especially acute problem for android devices. Official mobile device gallery includes over 60 devices of various screen sizes, resolutions and form factors. Providing testing coverage for all the devices is a major challenge even for the big organizations.
3. Mobile Device connectivity: Since handheld mobile devices can be connected with windows or Mac using Wi-Fi, USB or cloud network and so it greatly affect handheld mobile testing strategy as all the 3 options are different from one another.
4. Frequent Releases : Major and minor OS updates keep test teams continuously involved in testing new applications features or rectifying the app against our new operating system versions.
5. Varying n/w condition: Mobile application behavior can be affected by the changes in network conditions such as Wi-Fi, 2G,3G,4G, GSM, CDMA, bandwidth connection speed etc. This requires additional testing to ensure acceptable application behavior in real-world conditions.
6. Different mobile app types: Mobile app can be a web app / native or a hybrid app which has both contents. Testing of each such application type is different than another as their implementation is quite different from one another.
7. Test Executions: This across multiple devices and browser is a huge challenging effort. Consider a test that needs to be executed on multiple android and iOS devices and versions. Designing a test execution matrix of this scope is both complex and time-consuming.
8. Handheld application testing tools: Testing of mobile apps is more complex compared to desktop or web application with the increase in complexity. There are actually less tool available to support mobile testing and the selection of most appropriate tool out of available is another tough task.
9. Testing on Emulators/Simulators: Typical mobile app needs to be tested on 5 to 7 iOS and 10 to 15 android devices. This list grows every quarter making almost impossible for the organization to test mobile apps on target devices. In such cases emulators are good choice for mobile apps testing. However, should never be considered a substitute for real mobile devices as they have their own limitations like manual testing of mobile apps.
10. Mobile Automation and performance testing: Both are also complex because mobile app objects are quite different than web or desktop applications and also differ depending on operating system and mobile application types. Moreover there is no generic framework available for mobile test automation as mobile industry is still in learning stage.

4         Testing Strategy for Handheld Device Applications:

This defines the approach for testing at a very abstract level. This documents helps to keep project managers, testers and developers updated about key issues that are identified during the testing process.
This basically derived from the Business Requirement Document and this sets the standards for testing. Test strategy defines the scope and objective of whole performance testing. It also defines overall budget of the project which in turn illustrates the time required for testing and the number of resources to be allocated for the project. Testing approach is defined which includes the method of testing to be used – performance, load, stress, functional etc. and whether its manual or automated testing. Defect tracking approach is also defined.
Below are the points which are considered while defining the test strategy for testing of handheld device mobile applications:

• Target Device Selection:  Handheld devices and platform diversity is a key challenge in mobile app testing. Testing approach should include creating an optimal mix of emulator and real mobile device of different models to maximize test coverage.
• Network Environment:  Primary testing should be done on Wi-Fi and using network simulator. In addition testing mobile applications in real network condition is also essential to assess the behavior of the application.
• Identifying types of testing:  Ensure mobile apps work on all devices. Consider different types of testing required including functional, performance, security, compliance, beta and so on.
• Mobile cloud testing:  Mobile cloud provides a web-based mobile testing environments where apps can be deployed, tested and managed. Cloud testing env have capability to support complex apps and provides real-time testing results which means results can be analyzed why the tests are running.
• Mobile test automation:  Select an effective test automation tool and maximize the use of automation to reduce the cost of regression testing.

  Thus, despite the challenges in mobile application testing, careful selection of target devices, connectivity options and the tools that maximizes automation can ensure a cost-effective mobile testing process.

5         Testing Process for performance of Handheld Mobile apps

Performance testing deals with the nonfunctional requirement specifications. Here we request the below details from the client.

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5.1       Requirement Phase

This is the first phase of performance testing life cycle which is carried out at the time of finding out the business technical requirements. The objective of this phase is to find out the performance testing requirements. These requirements are then documented by test engineers in the below two documents and then these documents are baselined –

a) Application information doc – It contains all the application traversals or the flow. Thus, basically this document provides all the information about the navigation flows of the application.

b) Non-functional requirement document – This document contains the information about SLAs (Service level agreements). For example – my response time should be less than 3 secs. My home page should be less than 2 secs and my error rate should 0%, my transactions should be 10 per sec, my hits per second should be 5 per sec . These are some SLA’s which are defined by the customer and all these requirements are then documented and baselined in a Nonfunctional requirement document.

Below are some of the requirements that are captured during this phase:

1. Response Time – Acceptable response times test to be in range of 2-3 sec.
2. Number of transactions – What are the different types of transactions available in the application.
3. Application availability: The application should be available 24*7 and no downtime.
4. Number of hits per second
5. Workload, number of concurrent users.
6. Volume of the data and data growth rate.
7. Resource utilization

5.2       Performance Test plan

This document contains the information that answers following questions such as –

What is in scope and out of scope, what is the purpose of the performance testing? What is the schedule? What is the time span taken for the testing? What are the deliverables? How and what we want to deliver to the client and also testing entry criteria and exit criteria Example of entry criteria is like system is stable and exit criteria that the system is performance compliant with all the activities.  This phase defines hardware platform (processors, memory, storage, network), software details (OS platform, applications, server software) and test data that will be used for testing.

5.3       Test design

In this phase, test cases will be created. Here the test cases are nothing but various scenarios are designed keeping in mind the testing strategy. Typical tasks that are performed in this phase of test design are as follows:

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1. Creation of various scenarios
2. Preparing a detailed test execution plan
3. Setting up the required test environment
4. Record the script or steps
5. Perform the script customizations (addition of delays, checkpoints, synchronization points)
6. Generation of data
7. Parameterization/ Data pooling

5.4       Scripting

In this phase, once the scripts are ready, those are executed for just one or two users to ensure that the scripts are correct and perform the validations/checks of the scripts.  Errors are monitored and if found any errors, scripts are modified/ updated to correct those errors. An automated test tools are used in this phase to record all the transactions/flows of the applications and then finally automated scripts are produced from these recorded transactions.

5.5       Execution

In this phase of performance testing life cycle, a series of test cases are executed based on the test plan. For each test cycle, test execution reports, logs are prepared and then validated against the expected output results.

5.6       Test Analysis

This phase helps to understand the results of the test execution phase. A preliminary report will be generated based on the all tests which were carried out in the previous phase. Analysis of all test results helps to understand the performance of the handheld mobile applications.

This analysis report will be used as base for all the handheld mobile app tests that will be carried out in the future.

5.7       Report preparation

Previous test results, logs etc generated from manual as well as automated tests are combined together, analyzed and a final report Is prepared containing the following information –

Transaction response time, transaction per second, graphs showing information about throughput, upload / download per second rate,  transaction summary, transaction performance, transaction response.

Below is the flow chart depicting each and every phase of the testing lifecycle along with their outcomes (internal or external – to the client?)

6         Testing Team Roles w.r.t Management and Technical aspects of software development