Mandibular Prognathism by BSSO Study

METHODOLOGY

METHODOLOGY

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Population

• Consisted of all the patients who reported to the Out Patient Department of Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery for correction of facial deformity involving maxilla and mandible.

Sample

• Consisted of 33 patients who underwent BSSO setback for mandibular prognathism followed by Rigid Internal Fixation at the Department Of Oral And Maxillofacial Surgery, Mar Baselios Dental College.

Inclusion Criteria

1. Patients above age of 20 years for males & 18 years for females.
2. Patients who were treated by BSSO setback along with Rigid Internal Fixation for mandibular prognathism.

Exclusion Criteria

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1. Patients undergoing Bimaxillary surgeries.
2. Patients undergoing Genioplasty along with BSSO.
3. Patients with Medically compromised conditions.
4. Patients with Craniofacial anomalies, Syndromes.

A retrospective study was conducted on 33 patients (15 females and 18 males), with mean age of 22 years (age range of 19 – 28 years), who were operated for mandibular prognathism by BSSO at the department of oral and maxillofacial surgery, Mar Baselios Dental College, Kothamangalam. The patients were selected according to above mentioned inclution and exclusion criterias. The surgical procedure was done by one chief operating surgeon. No maxillomandibular fixation was used postoperatively. Pre and postsurgical orthodontics was carried out at the department of orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics, Mar Baselios Dental College, kothamangalam.

A standardised lateral skull radiograph with adequate quality and exposure was taken pre operatively and after 6 months of follow up in natural head position [Frankfurt’s horizontal plane parallel to the floor, the tongue in relaxed position and the mandible in centric occlusion] with exposure values of 80 KVp, 10 mA, and 1.30 seconds.

Tracings of the lateral cephalograms were pencil traced on acetate paper. To improve the consistency the tracings and measurements were taken by the same investigator. Horizontal reference line was taken as 7° to SN at nasion. Vertical reference line was constructed perpendicular to horizontal reference line through Sella. Superimposition of traced preoperative and postoperative lateral cephalogram was done with respect to the horizontal and vertical reference lines. The following cephalometric points and measurements were used.

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S	Sella: Center of sella turcica
N	Nasion: Most anterior point of frontonasal suture Will My Use of This Service Stay Private? Yes, totally! We lock down your info with top-notch encryption—your school, friends, no one will know. Every paper’s custom-made to blend with your style, and we check it for originality, so it’s all yours, all discreet.
ANS	Anterior Nasal Spine: Anterior tip of the nasal spine
PNS	Posterior Nasal Spine: The most posterior aspect of the palatal bone Do You Use AI to Write Papers? No way—our papers are 100% human-crafted. Our writers are real pros with degrees, bringing creativity and expertise AI can’t match. Every piece is original, checked for plagiarism, and tailored to your needs by a skilled human, not a machine.
A	Point A: Innermost point on contour of maxilla between anterior nasal spine and incisor tooth
Is	Incision Superior: Midpoint of incisal edge of most prominent maxillary central incisor Why Choose You for Research Papers? We’re the best because our writers are degree-holding experts—Bachelor’s to Ph.D.—who nail any topic. We obsess over quality, using tools to ensure perfection, and offer free revisions to guarantee you’re thrilled with the result, even on tight deadlines.
Ii	Incision Inferior: Midpoint of incisal edge of most prominent mandibular central incisor
B	Point B: Innermost point on contour of mandible between incisor tooth and bony chin Who’s Writing My College Essays? Our writers are top-tier—university grads, many with Master’s degrees, who’ve passed tough tests to join us. They’re ready for any essay, working with you to hit your deadlines and grading standards with ease and professionalism.
PG	Pogonion: Most anterior point on osseous contour of chin
ME	Menton: Most inferior midline point on mandibular symphysis Are Your Papers Original? Always! We start from scratch—no copying, no AI—just pure, human-written work with solid research and citations. You can even get a plagiarism report to confirm it’s 95%+ unique, ready for worry-free submission.
Cm	Columella point: Midpoint of columella of nose
Sn	Subnasale: Point at which columella merges with upper lip in midsagittal plane Can You Match Any Citation Style? You bet! From APA to IEEE, our writers nail every style with precision. Give us your guidelines, and we’ll craft a paper that fits your academic standards perfectly, no sweat.
SLS	Superior Labial Sulcus: Point of greatest concavity in middle of upper lip between subnasale and labrale superius
Ls	Labrale Superius: Most anterior point of upper lip Can I Update Instructions Mid-Order? Yep! Use our chat feature to tweak instructions or add details anytime—even after your writer’s started. They’ll adjust on the fly to keep your essay on point.
Li	Labrale Inferius: Most anterior point of lower lip
SLI	Inferior Labial Sulcus: Point of greatest concavity in midline of lower lip between labrale inferius and soft tissue pogonion How Do I Get an Essay Written? Easy—place your order online, and your writer dives in. Check drafts or updates as you go, then download the final paper from your account. Pay only when you’re happy—simple and affordable!
pg’	Soft Tissue Pogonion: Most prominent or anterior point on chin in midsagittal plane
me’	Soft Tissue Menton: Lowest point on contour of soft tissue chin How Fast Can You Handle Urgent Deadlines? Super fast! Our writers can deliver a quality essay in 24 hours if you’re in a pinch. Pick your deadline—standard is 10 days, but we’ll hustle for rush jobs without skimping.
Stoms	Stomion Superius: Most inferior point of upper lip
Stomi	Stomion Inferius: Most superior point of lower lip
Sn-Stoms Can You Tackle Complex Essay Topics? Definitely! From astrophysics to literary theory, our advanced-degree writers thrive on tough topics. They’ll research deeply and deliver a clear, sharp paper that meets your level—high school to Ph.D.	Upper lip length
Stomi-me’	Lower lip length
G-Sn-PG’	Facial Convexity: Angle between soft tissue glabella, subnasale and soft tissue pogonion How Do You Meet My Professor’s Standards? We tailor your paper to your rubric—structure, tone, everything. Our writers decode academic expectations, and editors polish it to perfection, ensuring it’s grade-ready.
Cm-Sn-Ls	Nasolabial Angle: Angle between columella and labrale superius
Li-SLI-pg’	Labiomental Fold: Angle between lower lip and chin contour What’s Your Editing Process? Upload your draft, tell us your goals, and our editors will refine it—boosting arguments, fixing errors, and keeping your voice. You’ll get a polished paper that’s ready to shine.

Research methodology

• In the horizontal plane linear changes at following hard tissue [ANS, A, Is, Ii, B, PG, ME] and soft tissue [Sn, SLS, Ls, Li, SLI, pg’, me’, Stoms, Stomi] cephalometric points were measured in millimeters with mean and standard deviations were calculated.

• In the vertical plane linear changes at following hard tissue [ANS, A, Is, Ii, B, PG, ME] and soft tissue [Sn, SLS, Ls, Li, SLI, pg’, me’, Stoms, Stomi] cephalometric points were measured in millimeters with mean and standard deviations were calculated.

• Scatter plot diagram with Correlation & Regression Analysis was done for the following points Li vs Ii, SLI vs B, PG vs pg’, ME vs me’ were done in both horizontal and vertical plane.

• Change in length of lower third of face; upper lip [Sn-Stoms] length and lower lip [Stomi-me’] length were calculated along with mean and standard deviation.

• The mean change in facial profile, Nasolabial angle and mentolabial fold were calculated.

• The ratio of change in the soft tissue reference points will be compared with movements of corresponding 4 hard tissue references: Li to Ii, SLI to B, PG to pg’ and ME to me’ in the horizontal plane.

SURGICAL PROCEDURE

All the patients had undergone BSSO for correction of horizontal mandibular excess [mandibular prognathism]. All surgeries were carried out by the same surgeon.

During the positioning of the patient before surgery the head end of the table is tilted by about 15°. Hypotensive anaesthesia technique was used. Both these are intended to reduce intra operative bleeding.

At the beginning of the procedure 2% lignocaine hydrochloride with 1: 2,00,000 epinephrine is infiltrated into the buccal vestibule upto the midramus region of the mandible on both sides.

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Incision and dissection

The incision is placed over the anterior aspect of the ramus extending from the midramus region running down over the external oblique ridge upto the first molar region where it curves down to the buccal vestibule. Retracting the soft tissues buccally, before placing the incision prevents the initial exposure of the buccal fat pad. A sharp dissection is done in the ramus upto the periosteum.

Periosteal dissection is started on the lateral aspect of the mandibular body from anterior ramus upto the second molar region extending to the inferior border. On the lateral aspect of the ramus dissection may be minimal only to achieve proper access and visibility. Medial dissection is done subperiosteally with a Howarth’s periosteal elevator and should be above the level of lingula and mandibular foramen which usually coincides with the deepest concavity of the anterior border of ramus. Later a channel retractor is inserted for medial retraction so as to protect the mandibular neurovascular bundle.

Osteotomy

Osteotomy is done with surgical micromotor and burs. Its initiated on the cortical bone of the medial side of ramus above the lingula extending from behind the mandibular foramen [half to two-third of the anteroposterior dimension of the ramus] running down onto the superior aspect of the body of the mandible and then extended to the external oblique ridge over the lateral aspect of the mandibular body upto the 1^st molar region.

Extending the cut towards the 1^st molar region gives better accessibility for intraoral plating. The depth of the cut should be minimal only to reach the cancellous bone. The vertical cut is extended to include the inferior border so that the direction of the split is controlled. During the vertical cut a channel retractor is placed on the lateral aspect so as to protect the buccal soft tissues and facial artery.

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Following the osteotomy, a small spatula osteotome is malleted into the site beginning from the medial cut, down the ramus, over the body upto the vertical cut. The spatula osteotome is directed laterally beneath the cortical plate so that the neurovascular bundle is protected. Later larger osteotomes are used and finally the fragments are prised apart using a Smith spreader.

As the fragments are prised the neurovascular bundle is visualized and care is taken to maintain it to the medial tooth bearing fragment. If the neurovascular bundle is found to be attached to the proximal condylar segment a small periosteal elevator is used to free the bundle and bring it to the medial fragment. Once this is done osteotomes in a wedging fashion or the Smith spreader is used vigourously until the spilt of the fragments are completed. The osteotomy is repeated on the opposite side of the mandible. When the mandible is setback, release of the medial pterygoid and masseter muscle is stripped, if needed to prevent the displacement of the condylar segment posteriorly.

Later the tooth bearing medial segment is pushed back as much as needed and the overlapping buccal plate of the proximal condylar segment is trimmed such that the proximal segment rest passively on the cancellous part of medial segment with condyle in proper position.

Stabilization and fixation

The position of jaw is adjusted and intermaxillary fixation is done with splint in position. Rigid internal fixation using 2mm four hole mini plate with gap and 2 × 6mm monocortical screws is the preferred way of fixation. The intermaxillary fixation is removed after the rigid fixation.

Wound closure

Wounds are irrigated and bleeding is controlled. Wounds are closed with 3-0 vicryl sutures in layers.

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