Importance of Insulin for Diabetes Treatment

Insulin – its importance in the treatment of both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction

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Diabetes Mellitus is a Health condition in which the patient’s body cannot regulate their glucose levels on their own. There are two forms, Type 1 and 2. Type 1 is when the body is unable to produce insulin and often begins during childhood. This can be as a result of an autoimmune response in which the body attacks its own beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans⁽¹⁾. Type 2 is often due to glycoprotein receptors on body cells losing responsiveness to insulin, this usually develops in those over the age of 40 ⁽²⁾.There is an increasing number of people developing type 2 from poor diets in adolescents resulting in obesity. Roughly 90% of people with Diabetes have type 2⁽³⁾. Insulin, being the main form of treatment for Diabetes Mellitus, was first discovered in 1921 by Canadian physician Frederick Banting and medical student Charles H Best, who were investigating pancreatic extracts of dogs. This discovery was as a result of much work from other scientists including a German medical student called Paul Langerhans. He discovered the Islets of Langerhans, a cluster of cells in the Pancreas where the beta cells are situated that produce insulin ⁽⁴⁾.

Pharmacology

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Beta Glucose:this is a hexose sugar, an example of a monosaccharide. There are two isomers, alpha and beta. The only difference being the hydroxyl and hydrogen attached to the first carbon swap positions, in bold. As a result of condensation reactions polysaccharides are formed. Glycogen being a great example as excess glucose is stored in muscles as this due to the action of insulin. This is called glycogenesis.