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Posted: January 22nd, 2025
How does the use of coastal management strategies differ along the Ventnor coastline?
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Introduction:
Coastal defence, as defined by the Dorset coast forum is (forum, 2010) “A broad term used to include both flood defence and coast protection”. A coastal management strategy is also defined by BBC bitesize (Bitesize, 2017) as being “Physical management, of the coast, attempts to control natural processes such as erosion and longshore drift.” The aim of this research is to investigate the different coastal management strategies that have been implemented along the coastline in Ventnor, Isle of Wight and how they may differ. In doing so, I hope to investigate the different coastal defences and the effect each coastal management strategy has on protecting the coast. I also hope to observe why that strategy has been placed in a specific location and to whether there is something important at that location that needs extra protection against erosional processes. Therefore, for this investigation I will research the following question: “how does the use of coastal management strategies differ along the Ventnor coastline?”
I will aim my investigation along the Ventnor coastline but in particular focusing my research on the beaches of Ventnor and Monk’s Bay. To answer my investigation, I will use both primary and secondary data, including questionnaires, beach profiles, beach sediment sampling, land use survey, newspaper articles, photographs and house prices. This investigation is set out to investigate how the coastal management strategies may differ in anyway. I will be testing three separate hypotheses; the coastal management strategies are effective in protecting the Ventnor coastline, the age and pricing of houses and buildings effects the spatial distribution of coastal defences and people have positive perceptions of the coastal management strategies. I will investigate the first hypothesis by looking at beach sediment sampling, beach profiles and primary and secondary photographs to show how the strategies may have affected the coast, through the distribution of sediment and compare the state of the beach to what it looked like in the past. To research the second hypothesis, I will look at a land use survey and house prices to show whether there are older buildings closer to the coast. Also look at house prices to see whether these elements have affected the distribution of the management strategies and whether more effective strategies have been placed in certain areas. Finally, I will investigate my third hypothesis by carrying out questionnaires and collecting secondary newspaper articles. Therefore, I can see what people’s perceptions are of the coastal defences and to whether they have a positive impact on the community and people of that live, work or visit anywhere along the Ventnor coastline.
My investigation links to multiple areas of the Edexecel GCE specification such as 2B.6a weathering (mechanical, chemical and biological) because weathering influences the rate of recession, 2B.8a rapid coastal recession which is caused by physical factors and can be influenced by human factors which relates to the basis of my investigation of coastal erosion and recession, 2B.10a economic losses (housing, businesses, agricultural land and infrastructure) which relates to my project because it shows how different impacts may influence the decision of certain coastal management strategies been implemented, 2B.11a hard engineering approaches (groynes, sea walls, rip rap, revetments and offshore breakwaters) which links to the different management strategies that have been placed and why the council or government has chosen that specific technique and finally my investigation relates to 2B.11b which is soft engineering approaches which again shows why the council or government has opted for a certain management technique.
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Geographical context:
I decided to test these three hypotheses at two main places on the Isle of Wight in the English Channel these were Ventnor beach and Monk’s Bay as well I also collected some data along the coastline of Ventnor.
Ventnor is on the south coast of the Isle of Wight and it is a seaside resort with many houses and buildings which were built during the Victorian era. It is the highest point on the island with the higher part being known as Upper Ventnor. It is a relatively sheltered location however, the cliffs are made up of different clays, which when the ground becomes unstable, Ventnor suffers from severe landslips. Resulting, in the loss of many buildings and homes being lost to the sea due to cliff-fall and subsidence. Monk’s Bay is on the southeast coast of the Isle of Wight, with a strip of Victorian period houses. The cliffs at Monk’s Bay are also made up of different types of clay which are subject to cliff collapse and are made up of different imported rocks to try and avoid the cliffs from slipping and preventing any damage to the coast.
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National map of the UK:
The Isle of Wight
Regional map of the Isle of Wight:
Ventnor
Monk’s Bay
Street view of Ventnor and Monk’s Bay:
Ventnor:
Monk’s Bay:
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These two beaches were selected for particular reasons such as;
The main reason why I have chosen to collect data from Monk’s bay and Ventnor is because they are at either end of the coastline so I will be able to collect results and compare them to possibly gain different results. Another reason why I have chosen to do my investigation at Monk’s Bay is because it faces severe impacts to the coast, due to marine erosion, such as unstable cliffs. New studies are being carried out and developed, such as one stated by Isle of Wight County Press (Press, March 2017), to defend the area and identify the costs of replacing existing coastal defences or if it is cheaper and more beneficial to install alternative new defences. I also chose to carry out my investigation along the beach in Ventnor as it is the only defended strip of coastline that hasn’t improved or benefitted from the coastal defences. There is an existing concrete sea wall that runs along the coastline to Monk’s Bay which the wall is also protected by concrete tetrapod’s, because it faces extreme marine erosion and weathering. As a result, another proposal for a scheme to be carried out, by the Centre for the Coastal Environment (Coastal Management, 2013), to provide sustainable defences for the next 100 years. As said by the Shoreline Management plan for the Isle of Wight (Plan, 2008-2010) erosion rates are likely to increase over the years as a main result of the impacts of climate change. The organisations most responsible for deciding which management strategies should be placed where and why, are the Isle of Wight Council. The defences that are placed are decided based on guidelines created by Defra (Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Rural Affairs) (Plan, Reviewed 2008-2010) who are in charge of setting national policies for coastal defences.
Methodology:
Primary data:
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-I will carry out my questionnaires by using an IPad, as my only piece of equipment and using the app called “Poll Daddy” to generate an electronic questionnaire. I will then walk along the coastline from Ventnor to Monk’s Bay asking at least 15 people that walk past the questions in the middle of the day in June. I will input the results into the IPad recording the results and then I will download all the results and compare what people said at different points along the coastline. I will follow ethical dimensions by any not asking questions such as their age which I will simply assume what age group they fit into. This data collection method is random sampling as I will be asking anyone I walk past.
-I will collect results using equipment such as; a tape measure, ranging poles and a pantometer which I will collect during the middle of the day and in the summer. I will begin by placing a tape measure along the width of the beach and then placing the first ranging pole at the highest point nearest to the shore. I will then place the second ranging pole where the beach has first noticeably dipped or increased in height where I will record, using the pantometer, the angle of the beach. I will then repeat this for 3 different points along the beach where I will eventually gain a table of results for both beaches. Any ethical issues regarding the environment I will make sure none of the equipment I am using has any impact on the environment or causes any damage. This data collection method is systematic sampling as I will be taking measurements at set intervals for example, every 10 metres.
-I will carry out my sediment sampling by using three pieces of equipment a transect, a tape measure and a ruler I will collect the results in the middle of the day and during the middle of June. I will begin by placing the tape measure along the width of the beach and then randomly placing the transect once within three different areas of the beach such as the high, middle and low parts. First placing the transect within the highest part of the beach, using the ruler I will measure the length of 10 different stones within the transect and identify the type of rock or stone it is. I will then repeat this twice again with placing the transect in the middle section of the beach and the lowest part recording all my results into a table. The same as the beach profiles ethnically I will make sure that none of the equipment affects the coast or beaches in anyway making sure there is no lasting damage or impact. Sediment sampling method will be random sampling as I will place the transect anywhere within the top, middle and lower part of the beach then randomly selecting 10 different rocks to measure and deciding its rock type.
-The land use survey I will begin by getting an IPad as my only equipment using an app called ArcGIS where you input a map of the area, in this case Ventnor, presenting the data you have inputted. I will start at the top of Ventnor known as Upper Ventnor and I will work my way down to the lower part collecting data on what each building is used for, for example industrial, commercial, housing etc. Also collecting results for the age the building was built such as Victorian, Post-War which the older the building the greater the number and darker the colour shown on the map also looking at the extent of damage to the building from none too severe rated from 5 (being severe) to 1 (being none). Once I have placed all my results into the app it will present them in a map of the area of Ventnor showing what the building is used for, its age and damage. Addressing any ethical issues, I will make sure whilst I am recording my results for the land use survey such as building damage I will make sure I am discreet so that I don’t offend the owner of the house or building in anyway. This data collection is stratified sampling as I will be collecting results from all the buildings around the area of Ventnor I am doing and deciding for all the buildings their age and structural damage.
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-For my primary photographs, I will simply use my mobile phone and take photographs to show an overview of what the beaches look like and the coastal management strategies that have been placed there. I will try and take these photos at all times of the day but mainly in the middle of the day. I will take these photos and compare them to older secondary photos to show how the beaches and coastline may have changed and whether this has effected what type of coastal defence is placed where. The only ethical issue of taking photographs is that when I am taking photographs of the area or of the beaches that I make sure that no one, that doesn’t want to be directly in the photo, is in it.
Secondary data:
-I will gather newspaper articles from either online, as there is a much larger range of sources about Isle of Wight’s coastline, or buy them from corner shops or local shops. I will use the newspaper articles to see whether the council or local government has different opinions to locals and residents. Also to discover whether there are specific reasons for particular coastal management systems to be placed in certain places along the coast.
-The same with the primary photographs except I won’t take the photographs myself as I will collect them from the internet or other resources as I want to get a range of different times that the photographs were taken. I want recent photos as well as photos from years ago in order to compare the differences between them and to decide whether certain defences had been placed that weren’t there in previous photos.
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-By looking online at estate agent websites such as Rightmove and Zoopla I will compare different houses and their ages, size etc, as to whether this greatly affects their selling prices or not. I can then compare them to the area they have been built for example Upper Ventnor or right by the beach to whether the cost of the house has influence over the choice of coastal management strategy.
Data presentations:
Questionnaires:
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Land use survey:
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Annotated photographs:
Evidence of process of Long Shore Drift has occurred as no defence system to prevent it.
A sea wall has been placed just behind the beach to slow down the process of erosion.
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Compared to the photograph above where the sea wall appears to have just been installed in this photo it appears the sea wall is almost overtopping.
The beach is really wide and erosion hasn’t seemed to have affected the beach too severely.
The beach is still quite wide and it appears Longshore drift has been slowed down as the beach doesn’t curve round.
The beach consists of sand and is quite flat.
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Compared to the present day photographs the sea wall hasn’t been installed yet.
Shingle and pebble beach which appears to be quite steep.
Rock armour has been placed to slow down the process of erosion.
Rock armour has been placed along the beach to try and slow down and prevent further erosion of the coast.
From a birds eye view the beach appears to be sandy but it is actually shingle and pebble.
The rock type of the cliff is made up of Blue Slipper Clay with a lot of flora positioned at the base of the cliff.
Compared to the historic photos the sea wall that was installed is still there and the risk of overtopping seems to have reduced.
Tetra pods which were placed along the strip of walkway between Ventnor and Monk’s Bay to reduce impact of erosion.
Compared to the historic photos the beach is still made up of sand but appears to be a bit thinner than the historic photos which is possibly due to the impact of erosion.
Behind the camera there is now a pier that has been placed to try and prevent longshore drift from occurring which wasn’t there before (shown in the historic photos).
Compared to the historic photographs the rock armour is still there and has been reinstalled so it is more effective in protecting the coastline and the cliffs behind.
Compared to the historic photographs the beach is still made up of shingle and pebbles and appears to still be quite steep.
Compared to the historic photographs a sea wall has now been placed at the back of the beach to protect the houses behind and the cliffs from erosion.
House prices along the Ventnor coastline:
Price: | Address: | Distance from coast/beach: | No. of bedrooms: | Building age: |
£1,800,000 | St. Lawrence, Isle of Wight | On the sea front | 5 bedrooms | Victorian era but refurbished inside |
£975,000 | The Esplanade | On the sea front | 11 bedrooms | Victorian marine villa built in 1845 |
£749,950 | Esplanade, Ventnor, Isle of Wight, PO38 | On the sea front | 5 bedrooms | Brand new |
£639,950 | Park Avenue, Ventnor, Isle of Wight, PO38 | Close to the beach but in upper Ventnor | 6 bedrooms | Victorian era |
£550,000 |
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