Heavy metal music

Effects of Heavy Metal Music on Aggression in College Students Heavy metal music has been a source of criticism ever since its birth in the late nineteen eighties.Its’ controversial lyrics and harsh sound have made it the target of much blame for psychological and behavioral problems in teenagers. Heavy metal music has also been a source of perpetual worry for parents whose children listen to the music. At the same time, the listeners and fans of heavy metal say that the music helps them deal with their problems. In the wake of several school shootings in which the teenagers accused of the aggression have been found to be fans of heavy metal, much attention has been directed to the effects of the music on its listeners.This topic is of much importance in erectly relating he’.

Y metal music to aggression of any kind. A number of studies have been conducted on this topic, some of which include focuses such as, people s response to music in general, aggression and music, the processing of heavy metal lyrics, heavy metal and its effect on mood, and response to violence in the environment.

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Music and its effects on mood are experienced everyday by millions of people. In Radio and Bayle (1 997), physiological and mood responses to different types of music were studied.It was determined that music could possibly elicit any variety Of feelings in its sterner: happiness, sadness, relaxation, frustration, and even aggression. These feelings are without question, conjured up from the individual s previous experience with the music, or the lyrics presented in the music. Therefore an individual s response to music is not just a product of the music itself, but of associations with the music.

According to Radio and Bayle (1997), there is no question that songs with themes such as social reform, religion or even love mean something to its listeners, therefore eliciting an affective response.Heavy metal music causing aggression then is not implausible according to Radio and Bayle (1997). The aggression may have been present in the individual before the music was introduced, causing the aggression to be amplified by the music. But also, an individual free of aggressive feelings beforehand may feel aggression after listening to the music or examining the songs’ lyrics. Either way, the meaning extracted from the lyrics and the emotional responses elicited from the music are definitely subjective. As stated above music is believed to have psychological effects, but there is little definitive documentation on the subject.In one such study, Greenberg and Fisher (1 971 ) found that subjects exposed to exciting music scored higher on power and hostility themes on the thematic apperception test (TAT).

Although We do know that music can cause aggression or other feelings, it remains unclear what kind of music actually elicits these feelings or responses in certain people. (Fried and Borrowing, 1979) A study conducted by Winemaker and Recognize (1989) found that aggressive rock music and lyrics had no affect on TAT scores or on a separate aggressiveness questionnaire.In this, an age of censorship and banned lyrics, the real question is how significant are the effects of lyrics in rock, rap and especially heavy metal music. Lyrics in heavy metal music have long been criticized for being negative in nature and have been accused of influencing teenagers to do unacceptable things and to think objectionable thoughts. Heavy Metal music is categorized by loud pounding beats, sometimes with unintelligible lyrics in the background. Hanson and Hanson (1990) found that very rarely were the lyrics of heavy metal songs sources of arousal: rather the loud music itself was the source of physiological arousal.In other words, it is generally ere difficult for the lyrics of heavy metal songs to be processed when listening to for the first time because of the characteristic tempo and barrage of heavy instrumentation associated with the music causes cognitive overload.

This means that there is already too much for the brain to process with the music alone. The music and the lyrics coupled together are simply too much for the brain to handle. Despite the problem with processing its lyrics, the themes of heavy metal music can be identified, and after repetitive listening, the cognitive load is decreased according to Hanson and Hanson. 990) A study by Ballard and Coates (1995) examined the relationship between heavy metal and rap songs and anger, depression, self-esteem, anxiety and suicidal tendencies. The participants in the study were 175 male and female psychology undergraduate students, most of which were Caucasian and upper middle class. There were six songs used in the study containing nonviolent/control, homicidal, and suicidal themes; three of which were heavy metal and three were rap. The researchers used six tests, one of which, the Memory-for-lyrics test was developed by the researchers themselves.

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The other tests administered were the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory, the Beck Depression Inventory, the Self-Esteem Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Adult Suicidal Ideation Questionnaire. The participants were randomly assigned to groups of 5 to 10. They were instructed by a research assistant to concentrate on the lyrics of one song played twice. They were also informed that they were going to be given memory tests on the content of the lyrics. They were told that for extra credit in their classes, they could participate in a second study on personality.The researchers conducted the study in this manner so that the participants would not know that there was an expected link between the music and their mood. After the experiment, the participants were debriefed.

The study found that lyrical content affected the participants scores only on the anger inventory. The participants who had been tested with the nonviolent songs scored higher on the depression inventory than participants who had been tested with the violent songs. The researchers also found that the participants scored higher on the anger inventory for rap music than the heavy metal music.They explained this by stating that most of the participants preferred heavy metal music to rap music, and that rap music contained more profanity than heavy metal music, therefore hypothesizing that the participants were simply angered by the fact that they did not enjoy the music. The researches stated that the main limitation of the study was that it had been conducted in a sterile environment, therefore inhibiting the subjects’ moods after listening to the music, as opposed to the subjects responding in a natural environment.The researchers also noted that future studies could control for Engel of exposure to the music, volume, and experimenting in a more natural setting. This study found a link between heavy metal music, rap music and anger very successfully.

In an online article examining the effects of media violence on society states that, some studies show that when people are presented with a violent stimulus, they respond more when there is already a high level of violence in the environment to trigger them.This finding supports the previous experimenters concern for a natural environmental setting. In another words at a heavy metal concert where encore-goers are bombarded with loud violent music, the phenomena of the moss pit defined as a group of people engaged in collective, aggressive jumping and shoving to music, would be much more natural than in a laboratory or for that matter any other setting. In this study, participants were also in a sterile environment, that of a college classroom with computers in it. Rephrase this absence of natural violent or nonviolent setting affected the results in this experiment. It was hypothesized in this study that if college students listened to heavy metal music while answering an aggression questionnaire, then they would report higher levels of aggression than those who did not listen to heavy metal music while answering the questionnaire. The relationship between heavy metal music and aggression was examined in this study because aggressive behavior is a growing problem in our society today, especially among young adults.

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Adolescents are influenced most by family, peers, and media, heavy metal music being a form of media they are exposed to. Since few studies have examined the immediate causal relationship between, heavy metal music and aggression, the researchers in his study strove to do just that. The independent variable in this experiment was heavy metal music. However the independent variable had јo levels, a music and no music condition. The dependent variable in this experiment was the level of aggression reported by the participants on the questionnaire.METHOD Method Participants The participants were collected by means of convenience sampling. The participants in the study were 40 undergraduate psychology students, all involved in Psychology Learning Communities at Loyola University New Orleans.

The participants were mostly Caucasian with some African Americans, Hispanics and Asians. There were 3 male and 29 female participants, with a greater proportion of females. The participants were offered course credit for participation, and were informed by the leaders of their psychology learning community classes of the experiment.Materials The materials used in the experiment were: standard RIB consent forms, a standard portable bamboo in the psychology computer lab in Monroe Hall to listen to the music provided, pencils to mark their responses on the given aggression questionnaire, the 25 item researcher generated aggression questionnaire, a copy of which is contained in the appendix,(containing questions proposing situations such as, If a telemarketer calls in the middle of dinner would you be a. Nonviolent b. Somewhat violent c. Moderately violent and d.

ere violent), and finally the song Evoker Off” by the heavy metal group Tool. The song being approximately 4 minutes in length. Design and Procedure The design of the experiment was experimental. The independent variable in this experiment was bi-level, including a music and no music condition. The dependent variable of the experiment was the level of aggression reported on the questionnaire by the no music/control group and the effect of the song on the varying levels of aggression measured by the questionnaire.The dependent variable was measured by the increase in aggressive responses on the aggression questionnaire in those participants that listened to music while answering the questionnaire as compared with the participant that listened to no music while answering the questionnaire. Participants were told to be present in the psychology computer lab, room 469 of Monroe Hall at Loyola University New Orleans at the allotted time for he experiment.

The researchers walked into the room, thanked the students for their participation and handed the participants two copies of the informed consent form.The participants were then asked to sign both copies of the form and to fill out the second copy with their address if they wished to receive the results of this study. They were also asked to detach and keep the second copy for their own records, and to hand in the first copy for ours. The participants were then handed the aggression questionnaire and were asked to not look ahead in the packet. The participants were then asked if they had NY questions regarding the nature of the study or their rights as participants.The participants were handed pencils and told to begin filling out a preliminary nonsense questionnaire. The questionnaire asked the participants to all the songs you can in 45 seconds”, in order to clear their minds and to allow them to begin listening to the music.

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Then the music, by way of a portable bamboo was immediately turned on by the experimenters. Half Of the participants Were put in a control condition where they did not listen to music while filling out the questionnaire. After the experiment was completed, the participants were debriefed.

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