Functionalization of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

The functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes with different drugs

Duma (Voiculet), M. Prodana, I. Demetrescu

What Citation Styles Can You Use for My Essay?

Students often ask, “Can you write my essay in APA or MLA?”—and the answer’s a big yes! Our writers are experts in every style imaginable: APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, you name it. Just tell us what you need, and we’ll deliver a perfectly formatted paper that matches your requirements, hassle-free.

Abstract—Functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) by various groups (carboxyl or amino) can improve the properties of anti-tumoral drugs (cisplatin, docetaxel, zometa). Functionalization was evidenced by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Platinum ions released in simulated body fluid (SBF) were measured by inductively coupled plasma ion spectrometry (ICP-MS).

Keywords—functionalization, FTIR, drug, carbon nanotubes, TEM.

1. Introduction

In our days currently available technologies have made significant advances in cancer research, but proper treatment remains elusive. According to the report issued by the World Global Health (WHO) it is estimates that the incidence of new cancer cases increase by more than 10 million each year and the rate of deaths caused by this disease is over 6 million per year [1]. The most common cancers causing death are listed as WHO: lung cancer, stomach, liver, colon and breast cancers. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) possess properties for the development of advanced drug delivery systems, including their very large surface, which allows multi-conjugation of various molecules on the side walls.

Is It Legal to Use Your Writing Service?

Absolutely, it’s 100% legal! Our service provides sample essays and papers to guide your own work—think of it as a study tool. Used responsibly, it’s a legit way to improve your skills, understand tough topics, and boost your grades, all while staying within academic rules.

Molecules that contain aromatic groups may be easily covalently linked to strong interactions CNTs. 1-D functionalized CNTs (F-CNTs) could improve the binding of a single cell interaction via multiple binding sites, due to their flexibility. Clinical practice guidelines such as those from the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO guidelines on extended use of intravenous bisphosphonates in metastatic breast cancer), the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN Breast Cancer Clinical Practice Guidelines), and the NCCN Task Force Report on Bone Health in Cancer Care all recognize the positive utility of bisphosphonate as zoledronic acid (Zometa) use in palliative bone care [2-5]. However, as new classes of inhibitor agents enter the metastatic cancer palliative it is important to understand how palliative care treatment modalities are used outside of the clinical trial setting. In this idea the present research is an investigation of a multiple hybrid functionalization of carbon nanotubues with drugs, introducing as a novelty functionalization with cisplatin, docetaxel and zometa [6].

2. Experiment part

The best known method of functionalization is noncovalently modified by embedding fragments containing functionalized aromatic groups in the outer wall of CNTs through interaction π-π [7].

How Much Does It Cost to Get a Paper Written?

Our pricing starts at $10 per page for undergrad work, $16 for bachelor-level, and $21 for advanced stuff. Urgency and extras like top writers or plagiarism reports tweak the cost—deadlines range from 14 days to 3 hours. Order early for the best rates, and enjoy discounts on big orders: 5% off over $500, 10% over $1,000!

2.1 Reagents

Multiwalls carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) purchased from Sigma Aldrich had more than 90% carbon and 10 to 15 nm x D x L 0.1 – 10 pm, produced by catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CCVD). Oxidation of the carbon nanotubes was made using a mixture of 98% sulfuric acid (Merck). Ethylenediamine (EDA)-modifying agent was supplied by Fluka. We used saline zometa, docetaxel (Dox) and cisplatin, from pharmaceutical market, and all reagents were not further purified. In the last years there are studies in literature regarding CNTs functionalization with different drugs [8-10].

2.2 Equipment

FTIR spectra of functionalized MWCNTs were registered on a Perkin Elmer, Spectrum 100 equipment in 400÷4500 cm^-1 range with 4 cm^-1 resolution and 32 scans.

Will My Use of This Service Stay Private?

Yes, totally! We lock down your info with top-notch encryption—your school, friends, no one will know. Every paper’s custom-made to blend with your style, and we check it for originality, so it’s all yours, all discreet.

Nano-sized particles were investigated using TEM analysis with a microscope Philips EM-410, 60kV.

ICP-MS, ELAN DRC-e Perkin Elmer SCIEX U.S.A. was used for platinum determinations. The detection limit was 0.001μg.g^-1.

2.3 Procedure

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes were functionalized with both amino and carboxyl groups. This functionalization was performed with the purpose to reduce the toxicity of multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

Do You Use AI to Write Papers?

No way—our papers are 100% human-crafted. Our writers are real pros with degrees, bringing creativity and expertise AI can’t match. Every piece is original, checked for plagiarism, and tailored to your needs by a skilled human, not a machine.

MWCNTs (0.9 g) were dispersed in 98% sulfuric acid and ultrasonicated at 50°C for 6 h to obtain MWCNT-COOH. Functionalization of MWCNTs reduced toxicity of carbon nanotubes.

0.3 mg MWCNT-COOH were ultrasonically prepared with thionyl chloride SOCl2 (50 ml) for 30 minutes at room temperature. The suspension obtained was refluxed under magnetic stirring at room temperature for 48 hours and then filtered. The filtrate was washed with tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dried at room temperature for 20 minutes. MWCNTs-SOCl₂ were immersed in ethylenediamine at room temperature for 10 hours. The mixture was washed with tetrahydrofuran and filtered. The filtrate was dried at 80° C for 10 hours.

Throughout preparation process, docetaxel, cisplatin and zometa was added to carbon nanotubes. Docetaxel was difficult to absorb due to their hydrophobic characteristics. Docetaxel (5 mg) was added to a solution of MWCNT, MWCNT-COOH, MWCNT-NH₂ in 1 ml of saline and 0.5 ml of anhydrous ethanol using an ultrasonic bath for 48 hours at 50 °C. The suspension was centrifuged at 10000 rpm for 15 minutes until the carbon nanotubes were fully precipitated. Cisplatin (2 mg) was added to solutions that contain MWCT, MWCNT-COOH and MWCNT-NH₂ in 1 ml of saline and was sonicated for 48 hours at 50°C and filtered.

The remaining solids were rinsed with anhydrous ethanol and deionized water to remove the excess of docetaxel and zometa.

Why Choose You for Research Papers?

We’re the best because our writers are degree-holding experts—Bachelor’s to Ph.D.—who nail any topic. We obsess over quality, using tools to ensure perfection, and offer free revisions to guarantee you’re thrilled with the result, even on tight deadlines.

All samples were investigated using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS).

3. Results and discussions

FTIR spectroscopy is a very useful tool to show the presence of functional groups on the surface of MWCNT-COOH an MWCNT-NH₂.

The bands allocated to groups: -OH, -CH₂ and amino in the four samples are almost identical.

Who’s Writing My College Essays?

Our writers are top-tier—university grads, many with Master’s degrees, who’ve passed tough tests to join us. They’re ready for any essay, working with you to hit your deadlines and grading standards with ease and professionalism.

For MWCNT-COOH-CDDP-DOX-ZOMETA functionalized sample, for –CH groups bands appear in a range from: 3556.86 to 2921.60 cm^-1, for CDDP the range is: 852.24 to 520.89 cm^-1, for Dox the peaks for characteristic groups O=O is at 1082.30 and 1030.31 cm^-1 and for zometa the range is betwwen 1461.51 to 1349.22 cm^-1 as is shown in Figure 1a.

In case of MWCNT-COOH-CDDP-ZOMETA functionalized sample, bands for –CH groups appears at 3555.69 cm^-1, for CDDP the range is between 857.30 to 560.78 cm^-1 and for zometa the specific bands are in a range between: 1463.81 to 1349.45 cm^-1 as is shown in Figure 1b.

For MWCNT-COOH-DOX-ZOMETA functionalized sample, bands for –CH groups appears in a range from: 3235.44 to 2922.98 cm^-1, for Dox the range for characteristic groups O=O is 1072.19 to 1031.74 cm^-1 and for zometa specific peaks appear in a range: 1453.93 to 1350.28 cm^-1 as is shown in Figure 1c.

For MWCNT-COOH-ZOMETA functionalized sample, bands for –CH groups appear in a range from: 3546.07 to 2922.38 cm^-1, for ZOMETA the range is between: 1461.51 to 1352.80 cm^-1 as is shown in Figure 1d.

Are Your Papers Original?

Always! We start from scratch—no copying, no AI—just pure, human-written work with solid research and citations. You can even get a plagiarism report to confirm it’s 95%+ unique, ready for worry-free submission.

Fig.1. FTIR spectra for: a). MWCNT-COOH-CDDP-DOX-ZOMETA; b). MWCNT-COOH-CDDP-ZOMETA; c). MWCNT-COOH-DOX-ZOMETA; d). MWCNT-COOH-ZOMETA

In case of MWCNT-NH₂-CDDP-DOX-ZOMETA functionalized sample, bands for –CH functional grups are between: 3696.20 to 3544.20 cm^-1, for amines group appear peaks between: 1735.03 to 1624.51 cm^-1, for CDDP the peaks are between: 854.77 to 560.27 cm^-1, for DOX the range is: 1077.24 to 1032.25 cm^-1 and for zometa from 1448.87 to 1349.46 cm^-1 as shown in Figure 2a.

For MWCNT-NH₂-CDDP-ZOMETA functionalized sample, bands for –CH groups are between: 3721.57 to 3012.65 cm^-1, for amines groups the peaks are between: 1735.03 to 1623.54 cm^-1, for CDDP from 859.83 to 580.56 cm^-1 and for zometa the peaks appear between: 1483.93-1241.57 cm^-1 as shown in Figure 2b.

Can You Match Any Citation Style?

You bet! From APA to IEEE, our writers nail every style with precision. Give us your guidelines, and we’ll craft a paper that fits your academic standards perfectly, no sweat.

For MWCNT-NH₂-ZOMETA functionalized sample, bands for –CH functional grups are between: 3544.43 to 3012.65 cm^-1, for amines group peaks appear between: 1736.74 to 1640.05 cm^-1 and for ZOMETA characteristic peaks appear between: 1466.57 to 1345.22 cm^-1 as shown in Figure 2c.

Fig. 2. FTIR spectra for: a). MWCNT-NH₂-CDDP-DOX-ZOMETA; b). MWCNT-NH₂-CDDP-ZOMETA; c). MWCNT-NH₂-DOX-ZOMETA; d). MWCNT-NH₂-ZOMETA

Morphology of nanosized particles are investigated by transmission electron microscopic analysis (TEM). From this analysis shown in Fig. 3 it is evidenced the surfaces of MWCNTs functionalized with carboxyl CDDP, Dox and zometa. MWCNTs have a curved shape about 10-20 nm in diameter and a length of 0,1-10 microns. TEM images show CDDP and DOX grains of 10-20 nm in width while ZOMETA sample is spread radially from a common center at the intersection of MWCNTs. Encapsulation of drugs is well emphasized. In Fig. 4 morphology reveals multiwalled carbon nanotubes functionalized with amino group in which drugs were added (CDDP, DOX and ZOMETA).

Can I Update Instructions Mid-Order?

Yep! Use our chat feature to tweak instructions or add details anytime—even after your writer’s started. They’ll adjust on the fly to keep your essay on point.

a).

b).

How Do I Get an Essay Written?

Easy—place your order online, and your writer dives in. Check drafts or updates as you go, then download the final paper from your account. Pay only when you’re happy—simple and affordable!

 

c).

d).

How Fast Can You Handle Urgent Deadlines?

Super fast! Our writers can deliver a quality essay in 24 hours if you’re in a pinch. Pick your deadline—standard is 10 days, but we’ll hustle for rush jobs without skimping.

 

Fig. 3. TEM morphologies for: a). MWCNT-COOH-DOX-ZOMETA; b). MWCNT-COOH-CDDP-ZOMETA; c). MWCNT-COOH-CDDP-DOX-ZOMETA; d). MWCNT-COOH-ZOMETA

a)

b)

Can You Tackle Complex Essay Topics?

Definitely! From astrophysics to literary theory, our advanced-degree writers thrive on tough topics. They’ll research deeply and deliver a clear, sharp paper that meets your level—high school to Ph.D.

c)

d)

 

Fig. 4. TEM morphologies for: a). MWCNT-NH₂-CDDP-DOX-ZOMETA; b). MWCNT-NH₂-CDDP-ZOMETA; c). MWCNT-NH₂-DOX-ZOMETA; d). MWCNT-NH₂-ZOMETA

How Do You Meet My Professor’s Standards?

We tailor your paper to your rubric—structure, tone, everything. Our writers decode academic expectations, and editors polish it to perfection, ensuring it’s grade-ready.

     

Samples were placed in SBF for different periods of times and the solutions were analyzed. The samples were added in a nebulizer for vaporization. Conditions were selected to maximize the ion signal while platinum solution was introduced in vapors generator. The steam generated was then transported to the ICP-MS to determine platinum ions.

The largest amount of platinum ions was recorded for MWCNT-COOH-CDDP-DOX-ZOMETA as can be seen in fig.4 This value indicates that there are good possibilities for further analysis.

Fig. 4.Platinium ion release from hybrid functionalized MWCNT with various drugs.

What’s Your Editing Process?

Upload your draft, tell us your goals, and our editors will refine it—boosting arguments, fixing errors, and keeping your voice. You’ll get a polished paper that’s ready to shine.

4. Conclusions

We presented a study of docetaxel, cisplatin and zometa added to MWCNTs functionalized by carboxyl and amino groups. FTIR measurements have been used for structural characterization of drugs encapsulation in MWCNTs-COOH. This functionalization (encapsulation) is confirmed by TEM analysis that shows the morphology of the samples.

CDDP release was measured by ICP-MS techniques and the amount of platinum ions was found higher in case of MWCNTs-COOH-CDDP-DOX-ZOMETA.

Acknoledgments. PhD student A. Voiculet acknowledges the financial support from the European Social Fund through POSDRU//1.5/S/…………..

References

[1] B.W Stewart and P.Kleihuers, World Cancer Report,WHO, 2003

[2] G. De Rosa,G. Misso, G.Salzano and Michele Caraglia” Bisphosphonates and Cancer?What Opportunities from Nanotechnology”, J Drug Delivery, 2013, dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/637976

[3] U Ripamontia, , R M. Klara, L F. Rentona, C Ferretti “Synergistic induction of bone formation by hOP-1, hTGF- b 3 and inhibition by zoledronate in macroporous coral-derived hydroxyapatites”, Biomaterials, 31, 2010, pp. 6400

[4] G. Salzano, M. Marra, M. Porru, S. Zappavigna, A. Abbruzzese, M.I. La Rotonda, C. Leonetti, M. Caraglia, G. De Rosa “Self-assembly nanoparticles for the delivery of bisphosphonates into tumors” Int J Pharm, 403, 2011, pp.292

[5] M. Marra, G. Salzano, C. Leonetti, M. Porru, R. Franco,S. Zappavigna, G. Liguori, G. Botti, P. Chieffi, M. Lamberti,G. Vitale, A. Abbruzzese , M. I. La Rotonda, G. De Rosa, M. Caraglia “New self-assembly nanoparticles and stealth liposomes for the delivery of zoledronic acid: a comparative study”, Biotechnol. Adv. 30, 2012, pp. 302

[6] MJ Ernsting,M Murakami ,E Undzys ,A. Aman ,B Press ,SD Li “A docetaxel-carboxymethylcellulose nanoparticle outperforms the approved taxane nanoformulation, Abraxane, in mouse tumor models with significant control of metastases”, J Contorl Release, 162(3),2012, pp. 578

[7] L Mo ,L Hou ,D Guo ,X Xiao ,P Mao ,X Yang “Preparation and characterization of teniposide PLGA nanoparticles and their uptake in human glioblastoma U87MG cells” Int. J. Pharm., 436(1-2),2012, pp. 815

[8] M. Prodana, A. Voiculet, S. Garea, M.Radu, H Iovu, I Demetrescu, A Dinischiotu Synthesis, characterization and controlled toxicity of a novel hybrid material based on cisplatin and docetaxel „Cent. Eur. J. Chem.,2014, 12(10), pp. 1008

[9] A.Duma (Voiculet), M. Prodana, I. Demetrescu” Cisplatin functionalization of multiwalld carbon nanotubes” U.P.B. Sci. Bull. B, 76(1), 2014, p 49

[10] M. Prodana, A. Voiculet, D. Bojin , D. Ionita” Nanocomposites based on Carbon Nanotubes Functionalized with Drug Molecules” REV. CHIM. (Bucharest),64(8), 2013,pp.848

Tags: Buy essay USA, Custom Dissertation Writing Services for PhD Students, UK - Cheap Essay Writing Service, Write My Essay Fast - Plagiarism-Free AI Writing Tool