Eyjafjallajökull Volcano, Iceland: Eruption Evaluation

Eyjafjallajökull Volcano, Iceland

Introduction:

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The Eyjafjallajökull Volcano is an ice-covered stratovolcano located in Iceland, which last erupted in 2010. The eruption caused major disruption in the country as well as across the world. This was due to the ash produced from volcano as it caused major chaos to air traffic across Europe. These effects were unprecedented from the modest size of the volcano as such damage was not predicted. The Volcano received a large media response and was categorized as a VEI of 4 on the Volcano Explosivity Index (Sammonds, P., McGuire, B., Edwards, 2011).

The volcano itself has a large ridge shape that’s in a lengthened east west direction (Jónsson, 1988). Many of its slopes have been eroded down by the glaciers and rivers that run down from the ice sheet that peaks the volcano (REF). Past eruptions such as the 2010 eruption and other volcanic explosions before that can be used to guide future preparation methods. This is done by looking at details of eruptions and see the causes and impacts they caused. This will enable hazards to be kept to a minimum and reduce loss of life, health issues, economic damage and social disruption. This highlights the need to examine such eruptions and gather how the eruptions took place and the affects that they can cause.

Location and Plate tectonics:

The volcano in Iceland makes up a series of many active volcanoes in the country. These make up the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and has created the island of Iceland from two different types of volcanism. From underwater volcanoes and from a mantle plume that lies underneath the area. (British Geological Survey (BGS) | A world-leading geoscience centre, 2018). This underlying geological landscape makes up one of the most active volcanic islands in the world. The Volcano is around an area of high volcanism where a Rift zone is located on the south of Iceland on the boundary between the North American Plate and Eurasian Plate. Its peak is at a total height of 1651 metres, where there is a 2.5km wide Caldera (‘Global Volcanism Program’, 2018). The plate boundary is a Divergent boundary where the North American and Eurasian plates that move away from each other. However, the Eyjafjallajökull Volcano is situated just beyond the propagating rift of plate spreading in Iceland. But lies within a series of high rising volcanoes that’s influenced by a secondary rift zone (REF).

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Magma Generation and development of the 2010 Eruption:

Relevant records of eruptions for this volcano can date eruptions back 1100 years, these show that previously before the 2010 eruption there had been two to three eruptions. These occurred in the 10^th century when a flank eruption occurred (Óskarsson, 2009). Then again in 1612 when a possible summit eruption arose (Jónsson, 1774; Larsen et al., 1999), and then in again 1821 when the volcano last erupted before 2010 eruption (Thoroddsen, 1925). The low amount of eruptions can show the volcano to be quite inactive for this area as in the same time the nearby Katla volcano had 21 confirmed eruptions in the same amount of time (Larsen, 2000). Following the last eruption in 1821 the volcano had 170 years of dormancy which is normal for this volcano as its usual for it to have low levels of activity with it staying relatively quiet between its intrusion and eruption phases (Soosalu et al., 2006; Jónsdóttir et al., 2007; Jakobsdóttir, 2008).

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Magma chamber movement can provide signs of eruptions that are going to occur (Sigmundsson et al., 2010). This movement was first recorded in 1994 when a period of seismic observations was recorded by seismic and geodetic measurements. This period of unrest lasted for 16 years until the volcano finally blew in 2010. The 16 years of activity had three main seismic swarms which started in 1994, 1996 and 1999.

In 1994 the volcano began to show minimal signs of activity, with the model for the 1994 activity indicating the intruded volume to of been three times smaller at 0.011km³ than during the 1999 phrase. During the 1996 swarm it indicates that tension was building suggesting magma was intruding up into the base of the crust, however no uplift was recorded (Hjaltadóttir et al., 2015).

This swarm activity occurred in different places across the volcano in the 1994 and 1999-2000, crustal deformation arose on the south eastern flank of the volcano. Along with seismic activity in the upper and intermediate crust. During this monitoring of the 1999 swarm a modelled intrusion with a circular sill with a volume of 0.030 ± 0.007 km3 at 5.0 ± 1.3 km depth was recorded (Hjaltadóttir et al., 2015). Between 1994 and 1999 it contracted in volume of around 0.0010 km³ at a fixed depth of 5km. As well a contraction from 2000 to 2009 was recorded at the southern flank at a volume of 0.0015 ± 0.0003 km³/year at 5.5 ± 2.0 km in depth(Hjaltadóttir et al., 2015).

The volume of intruded magma was underestimated, as well as the mass loading effects within the crust this was caused by the intruded magma and degassing of CO². These all partly contributed to the changes of the accumulated volume being estimated wrong, as well due to solidification and magma cooling (Hjaltadóttir et al., 2015). These wrong estimates could highlight why the volcano impacts was underestimated and why it caused so much disruption from the amount of ash produced.

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The seismic activities were in horizontal sill intrusions at 4.5 – 6.3 km in depth below the southern flank (Pedersen and Sigmundsson, 2004, 2006; Hooper et al., 2009; Sturkell et al., 2010). Seismic activity from 1991 to 2008 and GPS data from 1992 to May 2009 shows major magma movements below the volcano. The data shows a pipe like structure northeast of the summit crater, this shows the path of the magma from the base of the crust to the upper crust and into an intrusion (Hjaltadóttir et al., 2015).

The activity of a volcano can influence the prediction of the eruption as a lot more is known about the volcanoes that erupted more frequently. As for moderately active volcanoes such as the Eyjafjallajökull volcano less is known about the deformation of these types of volcanoes (Sigmundsson et al., 2010). This means each eruption that occurs can be monitored and research with this being used to predict future eruptions.