Posted: August 22nd, 2023

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay

IMMUNOLOGY PRATICAL ASSIGNMENT

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ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY

mODULE NAME: Clinical immunology

MODULE NUMBER: APS6004

MODULE LEADER: DR JULIA REY-NORES

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STUDENT NUMBER: 20031761

BSc (H) BMS 3

2014/2015

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Introduction

The history of immunoassay was developed by Roalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson in 1950 used the Radio-immunoassay (RIA) and they awarded in 1977 Nobel Prize because they developed RIA to detect and measure the level of glucose in the blood for diabetic patient. However, the technology was build up by replacing the radio-isotopes with enzymes to make colour generation that was in 1960. ]1, 2, 3[

More than 40 years, immunoassays use in different places, like laboratory medicine, hospitals and research to improve the health also for many purposes. In addition, immunoassay use in life science research to study the biology system by chase different, hormones, proteins and antibody. However, it use in industry to detect contaminants in food and water. Also, used as quality control to observe specific molecules used through product processing. ]1[

Nowadays, the immunochemistry technology develops assays to try eliminate as many dilution, mixing and measuring. Immunoassays are technique used to detect specific molecule. It’s rely on the ingrained ability of antibody that are bind to the specific structure of molecules. This techniques are quick and accurate it’s depend on the antibody and antigen that found in the blood and tissue fluids. ]1[

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There are many type of immunoassays such as radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme immunoassay (EIA), fluorescent immunoassay (FIA), and enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA). ]3,5[

In this report file I will focus on ELISA this technique that I used in the laboratory during two weeks to detect the antibody and the antigen. There is different types of ELISA:

1. Direct ELISA
2. Indirect ELISA
3. Sandwich ELISA
4. Competitive ELISA [3]

Direct ELISA

This method technique depend on the antigen that coated in the surface of plate and the antibody of the patient and conjugated enzyme. ]5[

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Figure 1 shows steps of direct ELISA

The indirect ELISA

The technique used the micro plate coated with antigen. The primary antibody added to react with the antigen that fixed to the plate. Then washed away. Added enzyme conjugated secondary antibody anti-isotope antibody which binds to the primary antibody. After that washed away and added the substrate enzyme to produce the reaction colour that determined the amount of the antibody. ]3,7[

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Figure 2 show the steps of the indirect ELISA

Sandwich ELISA

Sandwich ELISA is the technique that used to detect the antibody or antigen that are present in the patient blood. This technique also called capture method because it detect level of antigen between two layers of antibodies. The antigen to be measure in the technique should contain at least two antigenic epitope capable of binding antibody. Sandwich ELISA has many advantages for example high specificity, flexibility and sensitivity. ]3,8[

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Figure 3 shows the steps of sandwich ELISA

The aim of practical:

• To achieve a grid experimental to detect the optimal detection and capture antibody titration, by using monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG and polyclonal goat anti-rabbit IgG antibodies.
• To determine the concentration of unknown sample X and Y.

Materials:

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• Coating buffer: phosphate buffer saline (PBS)
• Wash buffer: 0.05% Tween 20^®in PBS, pH 7.4
• Diluent: PBS
• Blocking solution: 1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin (BSA) in PBS
• Antigen : rabbit IgG
• Coating antibody: Mouse anti-rabbit IgG monoclonal antibody
• Detection antibody :Goat anti-rabbit IgG – peroxidase conjugated
• Colour reagent .tetramethyl benzidine (TMB)
• Stop solution (1M HCL)
• 96-well micro plate
• Adjustable micropipette

Practical week 1

Methods:

This step was done by the lab technician to make the 96-well plate coated with antigen ready to the students because it’s take long time.

Figure 4 show the rabbit IgG antigen serial dilution by using 100µl coating buffer

Monoclonal and polyclonal antibody procedure in tables 1 and 2:

Procedure of Monoclonal antibody	Procedure of Polyclonal antibody Can I Change My Order Details? For sure—you’re not locked in! Chat with your writer anytime through our handy system to update instructions, tweak the focus, or toss in new specifics, and they’ll adjust on the fly, even if they’re mid-draft. It’s all about keeping your paper exactly how you want it, hassle-free.
Added 100µl of diluents of buffer PBS from column 2-6 in the first plate	Added 100µl of buffer PBS from column 8-12 in the second half of the plate
Added 200µl of monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG from A1well to H1 well	Added 200µl of goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP to column 7 How Do I Order a Paper? It’s a breeze—submit your order online with a few clicks, then track progress with drafts as your writer brings it to life. Once it’s ready, download it from your account, review it, and release payment only when you’re totally satisfied—easy, affordable help whenever you need it. Plus, you can reach out to support 24/7 if you’ve got questions along the way!
transferred 100µl by doing serial dilution mixed well from column 1 to columns 2 ,3,4,5,6 then discard 100µl from well 6	Transferred 100µl by doing serial dilution from column 7 to columns 8,9,10,11,12 then 100µl discard from colum12 (mixed well)
Covered the plate and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes.	Covered the plate and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes. How Quick Can You Write? Need it fast? We can whip up a top-quality paper in 24 hours—fully researched and polished, no corners cut. Just pick your deadline when you order, and we’ll hustle to make it happen, even for those nail-biting, last-minute turnarounds you didn’t see coming.
Washed the plate three times with wash buffer	Washed the plate three times with wash buffer

Table 1

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The final steps

100µl of goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP was added to columns 1 to 6

200µl of goat anti-rabbit IgG-HRP was added to columns 7 to 12

The plate was covered and incubated at room temperature for 30 minutes

The plate was washed three times with the washing buffer

100µl of substrate (TMP) was added to all the columns from 1-12 and incubated at room temperature and the plate was observed to check the change of colour to blue colour.

After the colour become blue 50µl of stop reaction 1 M HCL was added to all wells

The colour will change to yellow

The result was read by spectrophotometer

Table 2

Figure 7 shows steps

Week one: result

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Graph 1 shows the results of mouse anti-rabbit IgG monoclonal antibody titration in different dilution

Result

Graph 2 shows results of goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP labelled antibody in different dilution

Practical week 2

Method:

• Step done by lab technician coated 20 wells overnight with 100µl/well of the capture antibody (monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG ) and kept ready for use.( sandwich ELISA)
• Added 200µl of rabbit IgG to well A1 and A2
• Added 100µl of PBS diluents to wells from B to H in column 1and 2
• From A1, 100µl rabbit IgG was taken and added to B1 then serial dilution take place up to G1 then 100µl was discarded from G1
• 100µl of rabbit IgG was taken from A2 and added to B2 then continued the serial dilution up to G2 then 100µl from G2 discarded
• Well H1 and H2 was used as blank
• Added 100µl of unknown sample X to wells (A3 and A4)
• Added 100µl of unknown sample Y to wells (B3 and B4)
• Incubated the plate for 30 minutes at room temperature
• Washed the plate 3 times with washing buffer PBS
• Added 100µl of goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP labelled to all 20 wells
• Incubated the plate for 30 minutes at room temperature
• Washed the plate 3 times with Buffer BPS
• Added 100µl TMB substrate to all 20 wells
• Incubated the plate and protected from the light until colour develops
• Added 50µl stop reaction with (1 M HCL acid)
• Read absorbance at 450 nm by spectrophotometer

The result:

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Graph 3 shows standard calibration curve of rabbit IgG

Graph 4 shows the equation log of concentration rabbit IgG

Calculation of samples

Table 3 shows the calculation to found the concentration of samples X and Y

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Discussion

From the result that shows in graph one there are six curves of the monoclonal mouse anti-rabbit IgG with different serious dilutions(1:2000, 1:4000, 1:8000, 1:16000, 1:32000, 1:64000). From my result, the dilution 1:2000 is increase fast and it consumption more antibodies which is not recommended. The best dilution is 1:4000 because it gradually increase with less antibodies and this dilution can detect the lowest concentration of antigen and also can be used for more numbers of samples. However, the dilution 1:8000 it increase but is less than dilution 1:4000 it need more antibody, while the dilutions (1:16000, 1:32000, 1:64000) need more antibodies and not detect antigen in low concentration.

The graph 2 shows the result of polyclonal antibody and the graph has sex different curves with different serious dilutions ((1:2000, 1:4000, 1:8000, 1:16000, 1:32000, 1:64000) the first dilution 1:2000 increase sharp until concentration of 1000, then decrease slowly up concentration of 2000 so this dilution not recommended due to over opsonisation of antibodies. The second, dilution 1:4000 increased gradually and it need less antibody and can detect the lowest concentration of antigen so it is the optimum for the goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP labelled antibody. Third dilution 1:8000 is increase slow and require more antibody. The last three dilutions, 1:16000, 1:32000, and 1:64000 are not showing significant elevation when increase the concentration and cannot used because it not detect high absorbance of antigen.

The graph 3 shows the calibration curve of the known concentration to determine the concentration of two unknown samples X and Y. the graph 4 shows the equation make by log concentration of calibration curve to calculated the concentration of unknown samples.

During this practical I learned a lot of important things such as the best technique to choose the dilution of antibody and antigen detection. Also, to compare between the best antibody to detect antigen.

There are many factors that affect the result of ELISA like the incubation time should be 1 hour but we reduced to 30 minutes and this not enough for the reaction take place between antibody and antigen, manual washing cause insufficient washing and mixed with other micro plate wells. The pipettes some time not working due to some problem of tips.

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Conclusion

In conclusion, the optimum monoclonal Mouse anti-rabbit IgG antibody concentration is 1/4000, while the optimum polyclonal Goat anti-rabbit IgG HRP labelled antibody concentration is 1/4000, and the concentration of unknown sample( X )is 287ng/ml and unknown of sample (Y) concentration is 41ng/ml. the ELISA is the best technique to detect the reaction between antibody and antigen.

Reference

1-Avrameas, S. (2006). Historical Background of the Invention of EIA and ELISA. Clinical Chemistry, 52(7), pp.1430a-1431.

2–Tulsidas G, S. (2002). HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY IN LIFE SCIENCES WITH REFERENCE TO IMMUNOASSAY IN MEDICINE. Health and Population, 3(25), pp.140-147.

3- Owen, J. et al. 2009. Immunology by Kuby. 7^th ed. New York: W. H Freeman and Company.

4-Immunochemistry.com, (2014). Apoptosis, Caspases, Assay Development, ELISA Buffers, ELISA Detection. [online] Available at: http://www.immunochemistry.com [Accessed 26 Nov. 2014].

5-Accelero-bioanalytics.com, (2014). Home – Accelero® Bioanalytics GmbH. [online] Available at: http://www.accelero-bioanalytics.com [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014]

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6-Wieslab.com, (2014). Wieslab Laboratory Services – Home. [online] Available at: http://www.wieslab.com [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014].

7-Pharmatutor.org, (2014). Articles | PharmaTutor. [online] Available at: http://www.pharmatutor.org/articles [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014].

8-Elisa-antibody.com, (2014). ELISA Antibody, protocol and troubleshooting. [online] Available at: http://www.elisa-antibody.com [Accessed 27 Nov. 2014].

Appendix

Result week one practical

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2.1104	2.1292	1.9613 What does a complex assignment mean? If your assignment needs a writer with some niche know-how, we call it complex. For these, we tap into our pool of narrow-field specialists, who charge a bit more than our standard writers. That means we might add up to 20% to your original order price. Subjects like finance, architecture, engineering, IT, chemistry, physics, and a few others fall into this bucket—you’ll see a little note about it under the discipline field when you’re filling out the form. If you pick “Other” as your discipline, our support team will take a look too. If they think it’s tricky, that same 20% bump might apply. We’ll keep you in the loop either way!	1.6637	1.3974	1.2574	3.2528 Who is my writer? How can I communicate with him/her? Our writers come from all corners of the globe, and we’re picky about who we bring on board. They’ve passed tough tests in English and their subject areas, and we’ve checked their IDs to confirm they’ve got a master’s or PhD. Plus, we run training sessions on formatting and academic writing to keep their skills sharp. You’ll get to chat with your writer through a handy messenger on your personal order page. We’ll shoot you an email when new messages pop up, but it’s a good idea to swing by your page now and then so you don’t miss anything important from them.	1.8449	0.9561	0.4939	0.2465	0.1338
1.8208	1.5499	1.4053	1.5323	1.0412	0.7042	3.4643	1.5967	0.8303	0.4028	0.2565	0.1613
1.4231	1.3054	0.5794	0.9972	0.8248	0.6163	2.8907	1.313	0.6298	0.3189	0.1761	0.1112
1.0608	0.9475	0.8302	0.6554	0.5236	0.3168	2.2198	1.065	0.5392	0.2867	0.1652	0.1013
0.7257	0.7008	0.6846	0.6725	0.5747	0.5967	1.6108	0.7602	0.6945	0.3432	0.1921	0.1128
0.513	0.4868	0.4624	0.3917	0.4104	0.3967	0.9931	0.5756	0.3218	0.17	0.1043	0.1606
0.3335	0.3444	0.3188	0.3414	0.3042	0.2611	0.6909	0.3377	0.1896	0.1087	0.0786	0.0585
0.0797	0.0856	0.0774	0.0677	0.0772	0.0886	0.1005	0.0566	0.0459	0.0473	0.0498	0.0589

Table 1 shows the result of the absorbance of monoclonal antibody and polyclonal antibody

concentration	1/2000	1/4000	1/8000	1/16000	1/32000	1/64000
2000	2.0307	2.0436	1.8839	1.596	1.3202	1.1688
1000	1.7411	1.4643	1.3279	1.4646	0.964	0.6156
500	1.3434	1.2198	0.502	0.9295	0.7476	0.5277
250	0.9811	0.8619	0.7528	0.5877	0.4464	0.2282
125	0.646	0.6152	0.6072	0.6048	0.4975	0.5081
62	0.4333	0.4012	0.385	0.324	0.3332	0.3081
31	0.2538	0.2588	0.2414	0.2737	0.227	0.1725
0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Table 2 the results of the absorbance of monoclonal antibody after subscription of the absorbance from blank

concentration	1/2000	1/4000	1/8000	1/16000	1/32000	1/64000
2000	3.1523	1.7883	0.9102	0.4466	0.1967	0.0749
1000	3.3638	1.5401	0.7844	0.3555	0.2067	0.1024
500	2.7902	1.2564	0.5839	0.2716	0.1263	0.0523
250	2.1193	1.0084	0.4933	0.2394	0.1154	0.0424
125	1.5103	0.7036	0.6486	0.2959	0.1423	0.0539
62	0.8926	0.519	0.2759	0.1227	0.0545	0.1017
31	0.5904	0.2811	0.1437	0.0614	0.0288	-0.0004
0	0	0	0	0	0	0

Table 3 shows the results of polyclonal antibody after subscription of blank

Result of week 2 practical

<>	1	2	3	4
A	0.6084	0.5426	0.4306	0.419
B	0.5699	0.4589	0.2425	0.2505
C	0.5602	0.4504
D	0.5085	0.4093
E	0.4238	0.3164
F	0.3004	0.2355
G	0.1997	0.1794
H	0.1242	0.1093

Table 4 shows the result of rabbit IgG absorbance and two unknown sample

Concentration IgG (ng/ml)	1	2	mean	mean- blank	sample	sample	mean	mean- blank
2000	0.6084	0.5426	0.5755	0.45875	X=0.4306	X=0.419	0.4248	0.308
1000	0.5699	0.4589	0.5144	0.39765	Y=0.2425	Y=0.2505	0.2465	0.1297
500	0.5602	0.4504	0.5053	0.38855
250	0.5085	0.4093	0.4589	0.34215
125	0.4238	0.3164	0.3701	0.25335
62	0.3004	0.2355	0.26795	0.1512
31	0.1997	0.1794	0.18955	0.0728
0	0.1242	0.1093	0.11675	0

Table 5 shows the steps of rabbit IgG and two unknown sample, mean then subscription of blank to make calibration curve and equation to get the concentration of sample X and X

Abbreviation

RIA Radioimmunoassay

EIA Enzyme immunoassay

FIA Fluorescent immunoassay

ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

PBS Phosphate buffer saline

BSA Bovine serum albumin

TMB Tetramethyl benzidine

HRP Horseradish peroxidase

1M HCL 1 molar of Hydrochloric acid

Log Logarithm

Y Absorbance

IgG immunoglobulin G

X Concentration

Result ignore

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