Posted: October 13th, 2022

Earth Science Questions

Question description

Hi there,I am needing help with my final exam that is due tomorrow. It's due tomorrow by midnight. I've seen another version of the final, but it's not the version that I need. I need the following:Final Exam
SCI256

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Name: __________________________  Date: _____________
Instructions: Answer the following questions by correctly
answering each question. Use complete sentences on non-multiple choice
questions.
1.  Urban centers
alter their own climate in all of the following ways except:
A)  by altering wind
patterns due to surface roughness
B)  by reflecting more
sunlight than an undisturbed land surface
C)  by increasing the
retention of heat
D)  by altering the
natural vegetation
2.  The amount of
phosphorus and nitrogen in groundwater probably would be greatest:
A)  in undisturbed
forest land
B)  in agricultural
land in the developed world
C)  in agricultural
land in the developing world
D)  downhill from a
petroleum refinery
E)  downhill from an
urban population center
3  The vadose zone
refers to:
A)  the unsaturated
zone above the water table
B)  the saturated zone
below the water table
C)  the discharge zone
of a basin
D)  the recharge zone
of a basin
E)  the water table
4.  Monoculture
production of crops is more vulnerable to outbreaks of disease because this
type of farming:
A)  requires increased
irrigation
B)  simplifies the
ecosystem
C)  increases the
diversity of pests
D)  causes soil
erosion
E)  enriches the local
floras by introducing fertilizers
5  What is the main
common feature of a wetland:
A)  it is wet all year
round
B)  it has little
variation in water temperature over the course of the year
C)  it is wet part or
all of the year
D)  the duration of
inundation depends on the precipitation
E)  the wetland soil
is characterized by sufficient oxygen
6.  Sulfur dioxide is:
A)  a yellow-brown gas
that contributes to photochemical smog
B)  a colorless and
odorless gas that binds to hemoglobin in blood
C)  a colorless and odorless
gas that damages the lungs
D)  a reactive gas
produced, in part, by photochemical reaction of sunlight with various air
pollutants
7.  Which of the
following is not one of the five classes of hazardous waste described in your
text?
A)  acids
B)  explosives
C)  combustible
solvents
D)  toxic chemicals
E)  human waste
8. The reservoirs and pathways that any chemical element
follows through the Earth's system is called the:
A)  carbon cycle
B)  nitrogen cycle
C)  hydrologic cycle
D)  geological cycle
E)  biochemical cycle
9.  In some ways,
natural gas is considered a better fossil fuel than oil.  This is primarily because:
A)  gas is found at
shallower depths than oil
B)  gas is easier to
transport over long distances than oil
C)  gas is a renewable
resource
D)  once a reservoir
is located, gas commands a higher price than oil
E)  burning natural
gas is cleaner than burning oil
10.  The ratio of the
actual amount of energy delivered where it is needed to the amount of energy
supplied in order to meet that need:
A)  potential energy
B)  kinetic energy
C)  cogeneration
D)  soft path energy
E)  first-law
efficiency
11.  The total effect
of humans upon the environment is:
A)  the product of the
average impact per individual times the total number of  individuals
B)  the product of the
population and the total number of births
C)  the total number
of births per individual
D)  the total number
of individuals
E)  not predictable
12. Characteristics of species likely to become endangered
and extinct as a result of human activities include:
A)  long-lived
individuals
B)  small body size
C)  rapid rates of
reproduction
D)  rapid rates of
population growth
E)  invertebrates
13.  “Soft path”
energy strategies feature all of the following characteristics except:
A)  sustainable energy
sources
B)  integrating
high-tech solutions to improve sustainability and efficiency
C)  addition of
large-scale nuclear fusion to our energy mix
D)  diverse energy
sources appropriate to end-use needs
E)  energy supply
appropriate to local sources and people
14.  Which of the
following is not an adverse effect of global climate change?
A) rise in sea level
B) spread of infectious diseases
C) retreat of glaciers
D) more extreme weather
E) increase of global temperatures
15.  The cap rock
which helps to form a trap for natural gas and oil is usually:
A)  coarse-grained
sandstone
B)  fine silt or clay
C)  limestone
D)  basalt
E)  organic-rich
16.  The principle
advantage of using wetlands for wastewater treatment is:
A)  the resulting water
exceeds all drinking water standards
B)  a natural
ecosystem replaces industrial methods for secondary and advanced treatment
C)  it removes dioxin
and other pollutants in the sediment of the wetland
D)  the method
eliminates the production of methane, which contributes to global warming
E)  it replaces all
need for a centralized wastewater treatment facility
17.  The nitrogen
cycle is one of the most important biogeochemical cycles.  However, molecular nitrogen (N2) in the atmosphere is not a significant element
for life because:
A)  almost all
nitrogen is in the atmosphere and therefore unavailable to life
B)  organisms use
either CO2 or O2 but not nitrogen
C)  N2 is
relatively inert and must be transformed in order to be useful
D)  where nitrogen is
insufficient, organisms can use other, more plentiful nutrients
E)  nitrogen is an
important nutrient, necessary for life
18.  The hydrologic
cycle refers to the recycling of:
A)  surface
B)  groundwater
C)  rain water
D)  ocean water
E)  all water
19.  Which feedback
mechanism in the Earth-atmosphere system is incorrect?
A)  increased
atmospheric CO2 leads to an increased greenhouse effect
B)  increased glacial
melting leads to decreased albedo
C)  decrease in cloud
albedo leads to increased atmospheric temperature
D)  decreased
atmospheric H2O leads to an increased
greenhouse effect
E)  increased surface
temperature leads to increased evaporation
20.  The question
“Which is more important, the survival of people alive today or conservation of
the environment?” is difficult to answer. Answering this question demands:
A)  value judgments
B)  sustainability
C)  science and
technology
D)  a global
perspective
E)  a legal basis
21.  Overgrazing
impacts the land in which of the following ways:

I.  It increases the
diversity of plant species.

II.  Animals trample
and compact the soil.

III.  It leads to
increased soil erosion.

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A)  I only
B)  II only
C)  III only
D)  I and III
E)  II and III
22.  Why does the
availability of chemical elements increase immediately after a fire?
A)  many elements are
blown onto the atmosphere
B)  fire restores the
natural habitat
C)  many compounds in
the ash are highly soluble in water
D)  toxins are removed
by smoke
E)  natural predators
are eliminated by the fire
23.  As a forest
management practice, clear cutting:
A)  typically leads to
increased soil erosion
B)  may be important
in inducing regeneration of desirable species
C)  is no longer
frequently used
D)  is usually best
used on steep hill slopes
E)  speeds the re-growth
of the next generation of trees
24.  97 % of all water
on Earth is in the oceans. Which of the following is the correct order of the
Earth's water storage compartments from largest to smallest:
A)  ocean, atmosphere,
lakes, groundwater, rivers, ice caps
B)  ocean,
groundwater, rivers, ice caps, atmosphere, lakes
C)  ocean, ice caps,
groundwater, lakes, atmosphere, rivers
D)  ocean, lakes, ice
caps, groundwater, atmosphere, rivers
E)  ocean, atmosphere,
ice caps, groundwater, rivers, lakes
25.  Human demography
suggests that an improving economy in a country correlates with:
A)  decreased birth
rate, increased population growth rate
B)  decreased death
rate, increased population growth rate
C)  decreased birth
rate, decreased population growth rate
D)  increased birth
rate, decreased population growth rate
E)  increased birth
rate, increased population growth rate
26.  In which of the
following examples will primary succession occur?
A)  in the rain shadow
of mountains
B)  at the edges of
retreating glaciers
C)  in a forest after
a fire
D)  on abandoned
pastures
E)  in dune areas
after a hurricane
27.  Using the
Scientific Method in conducting an experiment is useful because:
A)  following a
standardized procedure allows a scientist to compare his/her data with the
results of other scientists
B)  observations
should only be done in a laboratory
C)  when using the
Scientific Method, it is not necessary to conduct controlled experiments
D)  the results will
always be useful quantitative data
E)  the Scientific
Method allows scientists to determine what their results will be before
actually doing any experiments
28.  Which of the
following is not considered a renewable energy resource?
A) water (hydropower)
B) wood
C) hydrothermal energy
D) solar energy
E ) nuclear
29. A species upon
which the entire ecosystem depends on is called a(n):
A) ecological
community
B) community level
effect
C) keystone species
D) ecosystem
E) individual species
30.  What is the major
product of photosynthesis?
A)  water
B)  sugar
C)  nitrogen
D)  proteins
31.  If a population
grows beyond its carrying capacity, deaths _________ births, and the population
________ back to the carrying capacity. 
If a population falls below its carrying capacity, births _________
deaths, and the population ________.
A)  are exceeded by;
increases; exceed; decline
B)  exceed; increases;
are exceeded by; decreases
C)  exceed; decline;
are exceeded by; increases
D)  are exceeded by;
decline; exceed; increases
E)  none of these is
the correct option
32.  What practice has
greatly increased the farm yield per unit area
A)  irrigation
B)  contour plowing
C)  modern fertilizers
D)  pest control
E)  weed control
33.  Of the following
disposal options, which one would be most appropriate (or least objectionable)
for hazardous liquid chemicals?
A)  sanitary landfill
B)  deep well disposal
C)  open dump
D)  composting
E)  ocean dumping
34.  A ____________
type of feedback mechanism functions as a _______________ process for the
system as a whole.
A)  negative;
destabilizing
B)  negative;
stabilizing or self-regulating
C)  equilibrium;
stabilizing
D)  positive;  stabilizing or self-regulating
E)  positive;
cleansing
35.  In a large office
building, a number of employees begin complaining of headaches, dizziness, and
nausea at about the same time.  This is
an example of:
A)  Legionnaires'
disease
B)  high
concentrations of radon gas
C)  chimney effect
D)  mass psychosis
E)  sick building
syndrome
36.  What is the
carrying capacity of the Earth for humans?
A)  zero
B)  under 1 billion
C)  just over 5
billion
D)  between 10 and 20
billion
E)  any estimate
depends on who you ask and what assumptions they make
37.  Farmers change
the crops they cultivate in a field from year to year to prevent the depletion of
what mineral or nutrient?
A) Carbon
B) Nitrogen
C) Phosphorus
D) Water
E) Radon
38.  Disposing of
biodegradable toxic waste by land application is a cheap and efficient method
because:
A)  the concept of
dilute and disperse is adequate for toxic waste
B)  these materials
are degraded by the microorganisms in the soil
C)  there is no limit
to the amount of waste that can be applied to the soil
D)  the waste is a
good fertilizer
E)  the practice is
difficult to regulate and laws against it are difficult to enforce
39.  Which of the
following parameters is/are necessary to describe exponential population
growth?
A)  pathway
B)  population size
C)  juvenile death
rate
D)  time lag
E)  all of these
40.  The primary
sources of biofuel in India, an example of a developing country, are:
A)  oil and coal
B)  methanol and
cattle dung
C)  nuclear and wood
D)  wood and cattle
dung
41.  According to
class discussion and the USDA National Invasive Species Information Center,
which is not a potential direct
impact of invasive species:
A)  Competition with
native species
B)  Destruction of
habitat
C)  Increased economic
costs
D)  Potential to harm
human health
E)  Loss of
biodiversity
42.  Fishery
management has used the optimum sustainable population in order to avoid
over-fishing. What exactly is the optimum sustainable population?
A)  it is the largest
number of fish that can be harvested
B)  it is the fish
harvest that generates the highest possible market price for the fish
C)  it is the fish
harvest that can be sustained through the lifetime of one fisherman
D)  it is the
population that equals the maximum sustainable yield
E)  it is the largest
fish harvest that can be sustained indefinitely
43.  The “dead zone”
in the northern Gulf of Mexico consists of a large ocean area depleted in
__________.  This problem appears to be
caused by __________.
A)  oxygen;  nitrogen from agricultural runoff
B)  carbon;  industrial pollutants
C)  marine
microorganisms;  ozone depletion
D)  oxygen;  global warming
E)  chlorophyll;  deforestation
44.  At the present
time, the method for handling high-level nuclear waste in the U.S. is:
A)  dilute and
disperse
B)  temporary storage,
pending completion of a permanent disposal site
C)  long-term disposal
in salt mines
D)  export to France
or Britain
E)  ocean-bottom
disposal
45.  Modern
industrialized agriculture involves all of the following characteristics
except:
A)  major use of
fossil fuels
B)  increased CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere
C)  increased
decomposition of soil organic matter
D)  artificial use of
fertilizer
E)  cultivation of
subsistence crops
46.  According to the
textbook, the nation with the largest forested land surface is:
A)  Brazil
B)  Russia
C)  Canada
D)  USA
E)  Argentina
47.  About one-third
(~33%) of the Earth's land has climates that should produce deserts, but about
43% actually is desert.  What one
dominant force is believed to be the cause of this excess desert land?
A)  irrigation
B)  global warming
C)  changing climates
since the last Ice Age
D)  human activities
E)  agriculture
48.  Global warming
may have profound consequences on the Earth's ability to produce food.  Which of the following is considered the most
likely impact of global warming:
A)  it will increase
average food production worldwide
B)  it will decrease
average food production worldwide
C)  it will shift
zones of food production and cause local disruption
D)  it will reduce
human reliance on irrigation
E)  it will increase
soil erosion worldwide
49.  Which of the
following is not a major greenhouse gas?
A)  carbon-dioxide
B)  methane
C)  CFCs
D)  water vapor
E)  ozone
50.  A specific
location where pollution is introduced into surface water or groundwater:
A)  acid mine drainage
B)  point source
C)  secondary
treatment
D)  cryptosporidium
E)  fecal coliform
bacteriasci/256 final exam SCI256_Final_Exam.doc 

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