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Posted: July 7th, 2023
Dye Removal from Wastewater Utilizing Stirred-Tank Impeller-Bed Adsorption System (STIBA).
Dye Removal from Wastewater Utilizing Stirred-Tank Impeller-Bed Adsorption System (STIBA).
ABSTRACT
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Wastewater from textile industry, especially from batik industry is raising alarm on impact on environment. This issue should be dealt to ensure the preserve quality of the surroundings. Various dye contained in the batik wastewater is causes serious effect not only on environment but to human heatlh too. Current efforts to inhibit the issue are by implementing dye removal methods comprising chemical, biological and physical treatments. Among these methods, adsorption is the commonly used as it encompasses with some benefit. Good removal of wide variety of dyes, no sludge formation and cheap. To enhance the effect of adsorption, novel process, Stirred Tank Impeller Bed Adsorption (STIBA) System is used. Since there were only little data available on the STIBA system, this research aimed to study the ability of adsorbate to utilize STIBA to achieve higher adsorption.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………….i
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Chapter 2: Literature Review and Theory
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Chapter 3: METHODOLOGY/ PROJECT WORK
3.1. STIRRED-TANK IMPELLER-BED ADSORPTION (STIBA) SYSTEM
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1Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. BACKGROUND OF STUDY
Batik industry is one of the most prominent textile industry in Malaysia. The batik was also recognised by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage. Biggest share of local South-East Asian families’ source of income is from batik industry. This industry reveals negative impact on the environment, especially the generation of waste and wastewater.
Dyes are released as pollutant to environment from this dyeing process in batik. Nowadays, the treatment of wastewater containing dyes is of greatest importance because it has low biodegradability and it pollutes environment. This industry has a high pollution tendencies because of its unregulated nature, lack of environmental control and nature of its discharges. Malaysian government has imposed stringent limits on the quality of discharged wastewater, as the adverse harmful impacts of wastewater on the environment and society.
Various techniques have been employed to remove dyes from wastewater, including biological treatment, adsorption, chemical oxidation, coagulation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, membrane filtration and photochemical degradation or a combination of these wastewater treatments. Most of these methods are complex treatment, complicated, imposes high cost and inefficient in large volume of wastewater.
The adsorption is the method considered to viable treatment as it gives finest removal capacity as it can remove various coloring materials in wastewater. No fragments in the effluent is left as adsorption removes the dye molecule as whole. The efficiency of adsorption is significantly affected by the type of adsorbent. Activated carbon is the most commonly used as adsorbent in dye removing processes. As recent researches focused in using adsorbent from agricultural by-products, activated carbon becomes the choice.
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1.2. PROBLEM STATEMENT
Waste effluent from batik industry can cause harm to environment especially water pollution as it is usually directed to nearby river or water source. The wastewater from batik industry contains elevated level of dyes, heavy metals, grease, wax and suspended solids. This can also cause harm for aquatic organisms as they can raise the COD and BOD levels of water. This should be addressed to inhibit the harm on environment. As this industry is mainly done by small and medium enterprises (SME), advanced technology for waste treatment not affordable. Therefore, cost efficiency and simplicity are among the factors to be considered.
1.3. OBJECTIVES
- To determine the effect of adsorbent loading towards the efficiency of dye removal from wastewater for STIBA system.
- To determine initial dye concentration to the adsorption of dye by STIBA System.
- To determine the effect of agitation mechanism (impeller speed) that would contribute to high efficiency of dye removal from wastewater.
1.4. SCOPE OF STUDY
In this research, it is focused on the adsorption of methylene blue from aqueous solution using Stirred-Tank Impeller-Bed Adsorption(STIBA) System. This research focuses utilizing agricultural by-product activated carbon on understanding STIBA system.
2Chapter 2: Literature Review and Theory
2.1. BATIK WASTEWATER
Wastewater is stated as water that contains any material either solid, liquid, semisolid, contained gas or other forms resulting industrial, commercial, mining or agricultural operations, or from community and household activities that is devoid of usage and discarded. The quality of water content in the wastewater is adversely affected by anthropogenic influence. Wastewater can originate from a combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff or stormwater, and from sewer inflow or infiltration.
One of the main sources is the textile industry, which discharges substantial amounts of industrial waste water[1]. Some constituents of concern in wastewater treatment are suspended solids biodegradable organics, pathogens, nutrients; mainly nitrogen and phosphorus that leads to eutrophication, carcinogens, mutagens, pesticides, phenols, surfactants, oil, heavy metals, dissolved inorganics. Release of this industrial wastewater into the environment creates a significant footprint and may also create various other hazards. Some of the impact are interference with the sunlight penetration, retardation of the photosynthetic processes and therefore, the growth inhibition of aquatic biota[2].
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Batik has been both an art and craft for centuries and is part of an ancient tradition. Over 1000 batik factories are scattered mainly throughout Kelantan and Terengganu on the east coast of Malaysia[3]. The word batik is derived from the Javanese word ‘Amba’, means ‘to write’, the suffix ‘titik’ means to make dots[4]. Batik is now well known as UNESCO has recognized batik as world cultural heritage[5]. This makes the batik industry to boom in recent years. According to Zainudin, et al. [6], discharged wastewaters from batik industry contain dyes, heavy metals, grease, wax and also suspended solids with high chemical oxygen demand (COD).
As the most basic, water resources are limited vital element, are utterly affected by industrial exploit. For a pollution-free world, proper treatment dye removal from wastewater in an environment friendly and economic way is crucial.
2.2. DYE
Dye is important as it is used to add aesthetic value in many manufacturing industries. Appeal in colored materials have been responsible for the growth of dye usage. Thousands of different dyestuffs and pigments are utilized in chemical industries, such as textile, plastic, paper, printing, pharmaceutical and food industries.[7]
Dye molecules consists of two key components: the chromophores, which are largely responsible for producing the color, and the auxochromes, which not only supplement the chromophore but also render the molecule soluble in water and enhance its affinity (to attach) toward the fibers [8].
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There are numerous ways to classify dye such as in term of colour, chemical structure and application methods. Dyes can be classified in accordance to their solubility in water as cationic (basic dyes), anionic (acid, direct, and reactive dyes), and non-ionic (vat and disperse dyes)[8, 9]. Table 2.1 shows the details on types of dyes and the application on principal substrates. Based on research by Peláez-Cid, et al. [9], basic dyes are used to dye acrylic fibers; acid dyes are used on wool, silk, or nylon; disperse dyes are used on polyester or nylon. As for cotton, direct, reactive or vat dyes are used
Table 2.1: Classification of dye based on their chemical nature[8].
| Class | Principal Substrate | Method of Application | Chemical Types |
| Acid | Nylon, wool, silk, paper, inks, and leather | Usually from neutral to acidic dye baths | Azo (including premetalized), anthraquinone, triphenylmethane, azine, xanthene, nitro and nitroso |
| Azoic components and compositions | Cotton, rayon, cellulose acetate and polyester | Fiber impregnated with coupling component and treated with a solution of stabilized diazonium salt | Azo |
| Basic | Paper, polyacrylonitrile, modified nylon, polyester and inks | Applied from acidic dye baths. | Cyanine, hemicyanine, diazahemicyanine, diphenylmethane, triarylmethane, azo, azine, xanthene, acridine, oxazine and anthraquinone |
| Direct | Cotton, rayon, paper, leather and nylon | Applied from neutral or slightly alkaline baths containing additional electrolyte. | Azo, phthalocyanine, stilbene, and oxazine |
| Disperse | Polyester, polyamide, acetate, acrylic and plastic | Fine aqueous dispersion often applied by high temperature/ pressure or lower temperature carrier methods; dye may be padded on cloth and baked on or thermofixed | Azo, anthraquinone, styryl, nitro, and benzodifuranone |
| Fluorescent brighteners | Soaps and detergents, and all fibers, oils, paints and plastics | From solution, dispersion or suspension in a mass. | Stilbene, pyrazoles, coumarin, and Naphthalimides |
| Food, drug, and cosmetics | Foods, drugs, and cosmetics | – | Azo, anthraquinone, carotenoid and triarylmethane |
| Mordant | Wool, leather, and anodized aluminum | Applied in conjunction with Cr salts | Azo and anthraquinone |
| Oxidation bases | Hair, fur, and cotton | Aromatic amines and phenols oxidized on the substrate | Aniline black and indeterminate structures |
| Reactive | Cotton, wool, silk, and nylon | Reactive site on dye reacts with functional group on fiber to bind dye covalently under influence of heat and pH (alkaline) | Azo, anthraquinone, phthalocyanine, formazan, oxazine and basic |
| Solvent | Plastics, gasoline, varnishes, lacquers, stains, inks, fats, oils, waxes | Dissolution in the substrate | Azo, triphenylmethane, anthraquinone, and phthalocyanine |
| Sulfur | Cotton and rayon | Aromatic substrate vatted with sodium sulfide and reoxidized to insoluble sulfur-containing products on fiber | Indeterminate structures |
| Vat | Cotton, rayon and wool | Water-insoluble dyes solubilized by reducing with sodium hydrogensulphite, then exhausted on fiber and reoxidized | Anthraquinone (including polycyclic quinines) and indigoids |
2.2.1. METHYLENE BLUE (MB)
Methylene blue (MB), also known as tetramethylthioninechloride is a cationic dye. It is used to dye in textile industry for dying cotton, wool and silk[10, 11]. MB has been reported to cause increased heart rate, cyanosis, nausea, jaundice, quadriplegia, Heinz body formation and tissue necrosis in humans[11]. It also has effect on human health such as eye burns, breathing problem, gastritis, diarrhea and vomiting.[10, 12-14]. Thus, it imposes greater need for wastewater treatment.
2.2.2. DYE REMOVAL METHOds
Dye in wastewater is the discharge of dye from manufacturing, dyeing printing, and textile industries. Many techniques have been employed to remove dyes from wastewater. The technique is including biological treatment, adsorption, chemical oxidation, coagulation, membrane filtration and photochemical degradation or a combination of these wastewater treatments. [7, 14-16]. Table 2.2 illustrates the advantages and disadvantages of dye removal methods.
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Table 2.2: Advantages and disadvantages of dyes removal methods.[8]
| Chemical Treatments | ||
| Methods | Advantages | Disadvantages |
| Oxidative process | Simplicity of application | (H2O2) agent needs to activate by some means |
| H2O2+Fe(II) salts (Fenton’s reagent) | Fenton’s reagent is a suitable chemical means | Sludge generation |
| Ozonation | Ozone can be applied in its gaseous state and does not increase the volume of wastewater and sludge | Short half-life (20 min) |
| Photochemical | No sludge is produced and foul odors are produced | Formation of by-products |
| Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) | Initiate and accelerates azo bond cleavage | Release of aromatic amines |
| Electrochemical destruction | No consumption of chemicals and no sludge build up | Relatively high flow rates cause a direct decrease in dye removal |
| Biological Treatments | ||
| Methods | Advantages | Disadvantages |
| Decolorization by white rot fungi | White-rot fungi can degrade dyes using enzymes | Enzyme production has also been shown to be unreliable |
| Other microbial cultures (mixed bacterial) | Decolorized in 24–30 h | Under aerobic conditions azo dyes are not readily metabolized |
| Adsorption by living/dead microbial biomass | Certain dyes have an affinity for binding with microbial species | Not effective for all dyes |
| Anaerobic textile – dye bioremediation systems | Allows azo and other water-soluble dyes to be decolorized | Anaerobic breakdown yields methane and hydrogen sulfide |
| Physical Treatments | ||
| Methods | Advantages | Disadvantages |
| Adsorption by activated carbon | Good removal of wide variety of dyes | Very expensive |
| Membrane filtration | Removes all dye types | Concentrated sludge production |
| Ion exchange | Regeneration: no adsorbent loss | Not effective for all dyes |
| Irradiation | Effective oxidation at laboratory scale | Requires a lot of dissolved O2 |
| Electro-kinetic coagulation | Economically feasible | High sludge production |
Among these methods, adsorption is often used due to its effectiveness, simplicity in the operational, and low energy requirements.[15]
2.2.3. ADSORPTION METHOD
Adsorption process has been found to be superior among the existing processes for water treatment due to high efficiency, flexibility, ease of operation, insensitivity towards toxic pollutants and economic feasibility[11, 13, 15]. Adsorption is a process which involves the accumulation of substance at the interface of the two phases, such as, liquid-liquid, gas-liquid, gas-solid, or liquid-solid interface. Adsorbate is the substance which is adsorbed on the surface. The substance on which surface the adsorbate is adsorbed is the adsorbent. In fact, adsorption onto activated carbon has been cited by US Environmental Protection Agency as the Best Available Technology to reduce the environmental pollution in water, soil or air by separation and purification processes[2].
2.2.4. ACTIVATED CARBON
Adsorption has the advantage on removal of dyes compared to other methods based on the Table 2.2. According to Peláez-Cid, et al. [9] and Amin and Nizam [16], activated carbon (AC) is one of the most widely used adsorbents with very varied applications It has shown considerable good dye removal efficiency. Commercial activated carbon (CAC) has been widely used as adsorbents in wastewater treatment processes of textile industry due to its advantages such as large surface area, large adsorption capacity and easy application[2, 15]. However, practical application of AC is limited because of its regeneration or disposal, sludge production and economic feasibility problems[11]. Recently, agricultural and industrial wastes have dictated the researcher’s interest owing to their wide availability, low cost, less commercial value and biodegradable properties. Table 2.3 shows the adsorption capacities of agricultural wastes for methylene blue dye removal.
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Table 2.3: Adsorption capacities of agricultural wastes for methylene blue dye removal[8].
| Adsorbents | qe (mg/g) | Reference |
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