Biochemical and Mineral Changes in Coconut Fermentation

Changes in biochemical and mineral composition during natural fermentation of freshly collected coconut inflorescence sap

Abstract

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Fresh, unfermented coconut inflorescence sap is a natural, hygienic, nutritious liquid extracted from inflorescence of coconut palms (Cocos nucifera L.). Studies conducted to establish changes in biochemical (pH, total sugar, reducing sugar, proteins, amino acids, phenolics) and mineral (sodium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, zinc and copper) content during natural fermentation of freshly collected coconut inflorescence sap revealed that the freshly collected coconut sap was rich in biochemical’s like total sugar (16.78 g 100 mL^-1), protein (116.91 mg 100 mL^-1 ), amino acids (210 mg 100 mL^-1 ) and phenolics (19.9 mg 100 mL^-1); macro minerals like sodium (103.92 mg 100 mL^-1 ), potassium (177.66 mg/100 mL^-1), soluble phosphorus (2.16 mg 100 mL^-1); and micro-minerals like iron (68.55 µg 100 mL^-1), copper (32.75 µg 100 mL^-1) and zinc (15.60 µg 100 mL^-1). Natural fermentation caused consistent decrease in pH, total sugar, amino acids, iron, copper, and zinc significantly over the time with increase in protein and soluble phosphorous. Natural fermentation was found to cause reduction in the biochemical and mineral nutrients except sodium and potassium, making the sap sour to taste.

Introduction

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), belongs to the family of Arecaceae (Palmae), is an important member of the monocotyledons, found grown throughout the tropic and subtropic regions, is known for versatile uses of its different parts. It is part of the daily diet of many people. Oyster white, and translucent coconut sap extracted from unopened inflorescences of coconut palm is reported as a natural and non alcoholic beverage, high in nutritional value and an instant thirst quencher. It requires neither mechanical crushing, as in the case of cane, nor leaching like that of beet-root. This palm sap is widely consumed in India, Sri Lanka, Africa, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand and Myanmar (Mahanandi, 2006).

Coconut sap is considered as nutritious and delicious drink with agreeable flavour. The chemical composition of sap varies, depending on various factors, viz. place, age and type of palm, mode and season of its collection. Sap contains a number of minerals and salts and is high in protein. It contains acids like ascorbic acid (one form of vitamin C), nicotinic acid (vitamin B3 and vitamin PP) and riboflavin (Rosengarten and Frederic, (2004)).

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The method of tapping and collection of sap vary from country to country and also different regions within these countries. In India and Srilanka, sap is collected mostly in earthenware pots/bamboo receptacles. The earthen pot/bamboo sac is connected to the spadix, to be tapped. Lime is coated from inside the pot to prevent fermentation of the sap. In this method of collection, the sap quite often gets contaminated by trapped insects dust particles. At Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasaragod, a simple device has been developed to collect fresh and hygienic sap from coconut palms. The sap so collected can be used either as ready to serve drink or can be used for the preparation of natural coconut honey, jaggary or coconut sugar without the addition of any chemicals. Limited information is available with regard to the biochmecianl changes in coconut sap upon natural fermentation and no reports were availble about the changes in mineral contents in the sap. Thus the objective of the present study was to findout the extend of changes in biochemical and mineral constituents in freshly collected coconut inflourecence sap as well as naturally fermented sap.

Materials and methods

Coconut sap collection: Fresh, hygienic, unfermented, fresh and clean inflorescence sap was collected by tapping of unopened spadix of the palm tree Cocus nucifera L. (WCT x GBGD hybrid) in the CPCRI Experimental Farm, using the device developed at CPCRI, Kasaragod, Kerala, India (Patent File No. K.B. Hebbar2425/CHE/2013). Initial pH of the over night collected fresh sap was measured and the one set of sap was stored at -20ºC and other 10 sets of sap samples was kept under room temperature (25 ± 2ºC during the study period) to for natural fermentation. Each set of sample was taken at different time, then pH and other biochemical and mineral constituents were measured.

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Estimation of total sugar and reducing sugar: Total sugar and reducing sugar content in the fermented sap was determined using phenol-sulphuric method (Dubois et al., 1956) and Nelson-Somogyi’s method (Somogyi, 1952), respectively. In both methods glucose was used as a standard.

Estimation of protein and free amino acids: Total protein and total free amino acids present in the sap was determined using Lowry’s method (Lowry et al., 1951) and ninhydrin method (Moor and Stein, 1948) respectively. Bovine serum albumin and leucine were used as a standard for protein and amino acid estimation, respectively..

Estimation of Phenolics: Total phenolics content of freshly collected coconut inflorescence sap was measured by Folin–Ciocalteu’s phenol reagent (Singleton and Rossi, 1965). Gallic acid in 50% (v/v) methanol solution in concentrations of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg 100 mL^-1 was used as a standard. The content of total phenolics was expressed as mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 ml of fresh sample. All samples were analyzed in triplicate.

Estimation of soluble phosphorus:

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Soluble phosphorus present in the sap was determined by molybdivanadophosphoric acid method described by Kitsonand Mellon (1944). An aliquot of 10 mL of sap was taken in a 50 mL flask and 10 ml of vanadomolybdate reagent was added and volume was diluted to 50 mL with double distilled water and the color developed was read at 470 nm after 10 mins. Potassium dihydrogen phosphate was used as a standard.

Mineral analysis: Mineral content was determined according to official analytical methods (AOAC 1990) using a GBC make Avanta PM atomic absorption spectrometer (AAS) equipped with a D₂ lamp background correction system using an air-acetylene flame. Determinations were carried out in duplicates of each independent sample of each pH. For the analysis of minerals, coconut sap solutions at different pH were filtered through quantitative ashless filter paper and used. The samples were analyzed using AAS calibrated with related minerals in different concentrations for different macro (potassium and magnesium) and micro-minerals (copper, iron and zinc). All the chemicals used in this study were of analytical grade and the standard solutions of minerals for AAS were purchased from Merck, Germany. The detection limits for minerals were 3 µg/100 g for K; 0.3 µg/100 g for Mg; 3 µg/100 g for Cu; 6 µg/100 g for Fe and 1 µg/100 g for Zn.

Statistical analyses: All statistical analyses were performed using of Statistical Analysis Software system, Version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) (SAS 2009). Analysis of variance, using PROC GLM was used to determine significant differences among the fermented sap samples for biochemical and mineral constituents. Simple linear correlation analysis was performed to indicate the measure of correlation and strength of relationship between variables studied.

Results and discussion:

The coconut inflorescence sap collected using device developed at CPCRI, Kasaragod, Kerala, India was analyzed for biochemical and mineral constituents at initial level immediately after collection, and at different time intervals after allowing for natural fermentation under room condition. Significant differences were observed for all biochemical and mineral constituents, except sodium and potassium, with respect to natural fermentation (Table 1 and Table 2). Linear correlation (r) between time, biochemical parameters and minerals studied in coconut inflorescence sap due to natural fermentation were given in table 3.

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Changes in pH: The pH of the coconut sap samples decreased from 7.57 to 3.95 by the end of 4 hrs due to natural fermentation and observed significant negative correlation with time (r = -0.991, at P < 0.05). Samarajeewa et al. 1985 reported that the coconut sap contains acids like lactic, acetic, tartaric, malic and citric acid (Samarajeewa et al., 1985) which contributes decrease in pH during fermentation. Xia et al. (2011) found that there was a sharp increase in sap acids including total and volatile acids upon natural fermentation. The reduction in pH found in the present study may be due to the increased production of acids by the bacterial fermentation mainly lactic acid fermentation. The increases in total acid content mainly lactic acid might therefore enhance the growth and invertase activity of the yeasts (Atputharajah et al., 1986) which stimulate the breakdown of sucrose to glucose and fructose.

Changes of total sugar and reducing sugar content: At initial time, the total sugar and reducing sugar content in the sap was about 16.78 g and 0.48 g 100 mL^-1, respectively. At the end of 4^th hr, the total sugar content reduced to 8.9 g 100 mL^-1 and reducing sugar content increased to 3.5 g 100 mL^-1. Xia et al., (2011) reported that sucrose was the predominant sugar in the fresh sap; reducing sugars such as glucose and fructose were in negligible amount in fresh unfermented sap. Once the fermentation starts, the total sugar level was drastically reduced and at the same time there was a sharp increase in reducing sugar content, which meant that the content of fructose and glucose increased but sucrose decreased. This is due to sucrose being converted into fructose and glucose during initial fermentation. At the same time, the broken down glucose and fructose was utilized by the microorganisms at later stages. This may be the reason for the overall reduction in total sugar content from 16.78 g to 8.9 g 100 mL^-1. Significant positive correlation between pH and total sugar (r=0.912, at P < 0.05) and reducing sugar showed significant negative correlation with total sugar and pH (r= -0.914 and -0.926, respectively, at P < 0.05).

Changes of total protein and free amino acids: The protein content of the freshly collected coconut sap was about 116.91 mg 100 mL^-1, when the fermentation progress, there was a significant increase in the protein content and it reached 839.21 mg 100 mL^-1 at the end of 4 hrs, and it was negatively correlated with the free amino acid content. At initial stage the free amino acid content was about 210 mg 100 mL^-1 sap. Free amino acid content decreased drastically due to fermentation and reached to 77.76 mg 100 mL^-1 sap at pH of about 4.7. Correlation study showed that there was a significant negative correlation between total protein and free amino acids (r= -0.715, at P < 0.05). Probable reason for the increase in protein content and decrease in free amino acid content reduction is due to the reproduction of microorganisms which are responsible for the fermentation of sap (Xia et al., 2011). But decrease in amino acid content was not seen when the fermentation further progressed. There was a notable increase in the free amino acid content in the sap, and this might be due to the breakdown of the protein present in the sap by microorganisms.

The phenolic content in fresh sap was about 19.9 mg 100 mL^-1_. There was a difference in the phenolic content upon fermentation; the change in phenolics content didn’t showed any trend. Upon fermentation, the content of phenolics starts decreased for up to 90 mins, there after there was a steady state. The results are against the earlier study which showed there was drastic increase in phenolics content due to the release of phenols from polyphenols by the action of microbial fermentation (Xia et al., 2011). Earlier studies showed that there was a steady state between hydrolysis of polyphenols and the action of polyphenoloxidase; processes that generate and oxidize, respectively, leads to no drastic change in phenolic content (Cruz et al., 2013).

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The major biochemical changes occurring in the fermenting sap indicated that a natural fermentation of coconut sap consist of initial lactic acid fermentation, a middle alcoholic fermentation and final acetic acid fermentation. It also appeared that activities brought about by micro-organisms of early phase helped the activities of the micro-organisms in each of the later phases (Atputharajah et al., 1986)

Changes in mineral composition by natural fermentation: Mineral composition of coconut inflorescence sap and their changes during natural fermentation were given in the table 2. Potassium (177.66 mg/100 mL^-1) was the major mineral nutrient present in the fresh sap followed by sodium, which was about 103.92 mg 100 mL^-1. In the present study, there was no significant differences were found for the changes in potassium and sodium content in the fresh sap and fermented sap. Soluble phosphorus content in the fresh sap was 2.16 mg 100 mL^-1.There was significant differences were found for the soluble phosphorus content in the sap upon fermentation. The soluble phosphorus content was found to increase to 6.41 mg 100 mL-1 at the end of 4^th hr due to microbial fermentation, which increases the solubility of the phosphorus. Earlier studies, Lopez et al. (2001) found thatlactic acid bacteria present in sourdough enhanced acidification, leading to increased magnesium and phosphorus solubility.

Freshly collected coconut sap was rich in micro-minerals like iron (68.55 µg 100 mL^-1), copper (32.75 µg 100 mL^-1) and zinc (15.60 µg 100 mL^-1). Once the fermentation starts, the level of micro-minerals present in the sap starts declining and the changes was significant. There was a significant negative correlation found between time and all micro-minerals studied (r= -0.948, -0.930 and -0.890 for iron, copper and zinc, respectively, with time). Microorganisms require several micronutrients like manganese, zinc, cobalt, nickel and copper are available in nature, have many roles in the cells as a part of enzymes, cofactors that make to catalysis of reaction and maintenance of protein structure. This leads to reduction in available micro-mineral contents in the sap during fermentation.

Conclusion

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The biochemical studies revealed that the freshly collected coconut inflorescence sap was rich in biochemicals such as sugar, protein, free amino acids and mineral nutrients such as sodium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, copper and zinc. Due to natural fermentation there was a drastic change in the above said nutrients except sodium and potassium. In most cases, the natural fermentation reduces the available nutrients in the sap and make the sap sour to taste. Thus, there is a need to find out suitable methods to prevent the natural fermentation of coconut sap without affecting its nutritional quality and make it as a delicious health drink.

Table 1. Changes in pH and biochemical composition in coconut inflorescence sap due to fermentation

Time (Min)	pH Are Your Papers Original? Always! We start from scratch—no copying, no AI—just pure, human-written work with solid research and citations. You can even get a plagiarism report to confirm it’s 95%+ unique, ready for worry-free submission.	Total sugar (g 100 mL-1)	Reducing sugar (g 100 mL-1)	Protein (mg 100 mL-1) Can You Match Any Citation Style? You bet! From APA to IEEE, our writers nail every style with precision. Give us your guidelines, and we’ll craft a paper that fits your academic standards perfectly, no sweat.	Free amino acid (mg 100 mL-1)	Phenolics (mg 100 mL-1)
Initial Can I Update Instructions Mid-Order? Yep! Use our chat feature to tweak instructions or add details anytime—even after your writer’s started. They’ll adjust on the fly to keep your essay on point.	7.57a	16.78a±0.32	0.48g±0.03	116.91h±3.40 How Do I Get an Essay Written? Easy—place your order online, and your writer dives in. Check drafts or updates as you go, then download the final paper from your account. Pay only when you’re happy—simple and affordable!	210.60a±8.38	19.90b±0.26
30	6.82b How Fast Can You Handle Urgent Deadlines? Super fast! Our writers can deliver a quality essay in 24 hours if you’re in a pinch. Pick your deadline—standard is 10 days, but we’ll hustle for rush jobs without skimping.	15.80b±0.28	1.25f±0.07	137.11g±1.86	143.95b±2.48	18.83c±0.56 Can You Tackle Complex Essay Topics? Definitely! From astrophysics to literary theory, our advanced-degree writers thrive on tough topics. They’ll research deeply and deliver a clear, sharp paper that meets your level—high school to Ph.D.
60	6.59c	14.31c±0.88	1.40ef±0.08	287.35e±1.54 How Do You Meet My Professor’s Standards? We tailor your paper to your rubric—structure, tone, everything. Our writers decode academic expectations, and editors polish it to perfection, ensuring it’s grade-ready.	115.96c±6.34	21.58b±0.26
90	5.89d What’s Your Editing Process? Upload your draft, tell us your goals, and our editors will refine it—boosting arguments, fixing errors, and keeping your voice. You’ll get a polished paper that’s ready to shine.	13.22d±0.96	1.47ef±0.01	271.48f±4.33	106.75c±3.51	12.82f±0.90 Can You Suggest Paper Topics? Sure! Need ideas? We’ll pitch topics based on your subject and interests—catchy and doable. Pick one, and we’ll run with it, or tweak it together.
120	5.53e	13.19d±0.09	1.54e±0.50	537.35c±2.77	102.45c±2.99	16.80de±0.26 Do You Offer Rush Revisions? Yes! If you need quick edits, our team can turn it around fast—hours, not days—tightening up your paper for last-minute perfection.
150	4.89f	12.95de±0.27	1.79d±0.90	574.96b±1.23	83.02d±5.82 Can You Provide Outlines First? Absolutely! We’ll draft an outline based on your topic so you can approve the plan before we write—keeps everything aligned from the start.	17.42d±0.52
180	4.69g	12.76de±0.52	2.37c±0.21	578.65b±2.77	67.40d±10.27	16.24e±0.26 Can You Include Data Analysis? You bet! Need stats or charts? Our writers can crunch numbers and craft visuals, making your paper both sharp and professional.
210	4.46h	12.10e±0.14	2.95b±0.21	358.68d±1.86	77.76e±4.51	18.92c±0.62
240	3.95i	8.90f±0.42 How Do You Handle Long-Term Projects? We break it down—delivering each part on time with consistent quality. From proposals to final drafts, we’re with you all the way.	3.50a±0.42	839.21a±5.58	83.59e±5.46	16.75g±0.38

Table 2. Changes in mineral constituents in coconut inflorescence sap due to fermentation

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		Macro-minerals ((mg 100 mL-1)	Micro-minerals (µg 100 mL-1)
Time (Min)	pH	Sodium Is there a possibility of plagiarism in my completed order? We write every paper from scratch just for you, and we get how important it is for you to feel confident about its originality. That’s why we double-check every piece with our own in-house plagiarism software before sending it your way. This tool doesn’t just catch copy-pasted bits—it even spots paraphrased sections. Unlike well-known systems like Turnitin (used by most universities), we don’t store or report anything to public databases, so your check stays private and safe. We stand by our plagiarism-free guarantee to ensure your paper is totally unique. That said, while we can promise no plagiarism from open web sources or specific databases we check, no tech out there (except Turnitin itself) can scan every source Turnitin indexes. If you want that extra peace of mind, we recommend running your paper through WriteCheck (a Turnitin service) and sharing the report with us.	Potassium	Phosphorus	Iron	Copper When will my order be assigned to the writer? The moment you place your order, we jump into action to find the perfect writer for you. Usually, we’ve got someone lined up within an hour. Sometimes, though, it might take a few hours—or in rare cases, a few days—if we need someone super specialized. If no writers from your chosen category are free, we’ll suggest one from a lower category and refund the difference if you’d paid extra for that option. Want to keep tabs on things? You can always peek at your order’s status on your personal order page.	Zinc
Initial	7.57	103.92±2.93	177.66±3.35	2.16h±0.03	68.55a±2.19	32.75a±1.77	15.60a±0.57
30	6.82	70.87±2.01	161.64±2.80	3.46f±0.08	68.05a±1.34	29.45b±0.21	15.15a±0.49
60	6.59	72.16±3.85	164.74±7.19	3.00g±0.13	56.40c±0.28	26.05c±0.78	9.55d±0.07
90	5.89	102.34±15.51	173.23±1.19	2.08h±0.01	59.90b±0.91	26.20c±1.13	12.70b±0.14
		120	5.53	97.11±28.79	164.49±16.5	3.95e±0.05	55.50cd±0.28	25.35cd±0.64	11.20c±0.14
		150	4.89	100.66±13.13	177.80±6.46	5.37c±0.09	53.45d±0.64	25.50cd±0.14	8.35e±0.35
		180	4.69	95.03±25.84	166.44±5.45	4.77d±0.03	50.10e±0.71	23.85d±0.49	8.25e±0.49
		210	4.46	80.41±15.52	159.65±19.2	5.81b±0.01	43.60f±1.27	20.45e±0.01	4.25g±0.49
		240	3.95	98.68±10.33	173.23±8.56	6.41a±0.08	33.00g±1.27	15.85f±0.07	7.10f±0.14

Table 3. Linear correlation (r) between the biochemical parameters and minerals studied in coconut inflorescence sap due to natural fermentation

pH

TS

RS

Protein

AA

Phenolics

Na

K

P

Fe

Cu

Zn

Time

-0.991*

-0.918*

0.953*

0.851*

-0.872*

-0.577*

0.133

-0.074

0.895*

-0.948*

-0.930*

-0.890*

pH

0.912*

-0.926*

-0.865*

0.903*

0.602*

-0.151

0.055

-0.885*

0.913*

0.906*

0.863*

TS

-0.914*

-0.875*

0.811*

0.740*

-0.233

-0.048

-0.773*

0.946*

0.947*

0.766*

RS

0.768*

-0.813*

-0.578*

0.013

-0.121

0.878*

-0.954*

-0.963*

-0.854*

Protein

-0.715*

-0.661*

0.278

0.117

0.789*

-0.849*

-0.810*

-0.658*

AA

0.426

0.037

0.218

-0.740*

0.783*

0.822*

0.851*

Phenolics

-0.402

-0.250

-0.363

0.570*

0.617*

0.205

Na

0.740*

0.000

-0.098

-0.036

0.029

K

-0.101

0.025

0.101

0.147

P

-0.854*

-0.821*

-0.821*

Fe

0.974*

0.875*

Cu

0.840*

TS – total sugar; RS – Reducing sugar; AA – amino acids

^* indicates significant at P=0.05

Figure 1. Changes in pH, total sugar and reducing sugar contents in coconut inflorescence sap due to fermentation. The results are representative of three replicates and values are expressed as mean ± SD.

Figure 2. Changes in protein and free amino acids content in coconut inflorescence sap due to fermentation. The results are representative of three replicates and values are expressed as mean ± SD.

Figure 3. Changes in sodium, potassium and phosphorus contents in coconut inflorescence sap due to fermentation. The results are representative of three replicates and values are expressed as mean ± SD.

Figure 4. Changes in iron, copper and zinc contents in coconut inflorescence sap due to fermentation. The results are representative of three replicates and values are expressed as mean ± SD.

Acknowledgement

References

J Agric Food Chem.2001 May;49(5):2657-62.

Prolonged fermentation of whole wheat sourdough reduces phytate level and increases soluble magnesium.

Lopez HW¹,Krespine V,Guy C,Messager A,Demigne C,Remesy C.

Jaqueline Fontes Moreau Cruz, Paula Bacelar Leite, Sergio Eduardo Soares and Eliete da

Silva Bispo. Assessment of the fermentative process from different cocoa cultivars produced in Southern Bahia, Brazil Vol. 12(33), pp. 5218-5225, 14 August, 2013

Colorimetric Determination of Phosphorus as Molybdivanadophosphoric Acid

R E. Kitson,M G. Mellon

Ind. Eng. Chem. Anal. Ed.,1944,16(6), pp 379–383

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