Babatunde Smith Criminology

Criminology is the study of the Nature, Crime caused as a social behaviour, prevention of Criminal behaviour and the enforcement of Criminal Justice System. It can also be defined as a sub group of sociology which is the scientific of social behaviour.Cesare Lombroso, an Italian physician suggests that Some people are born criminal caused by hereditary .That is , a child born of a violent/criminal parents is prone to have criminal behaviour , whiles others are caused by Poverty due to low income condition of their living. They want to live above their income. Hence, lead them to committee crime by stealing or committee robbery .

Hate and discrimination against minorities may became the cause of some other crime.EmotionaI disorder caused by mental health could be the cause of their crime for an example , a patient suffering from Bi polar or any other mental health related, declining his medications may result to crime due to the effect of his poor mental state .

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Criminology as the study of crime has four different perspectives which are Legal, Political , sociological and psychological perspectives .Criminal examination can be done from legal point of view . Criminal behaviour can be examined if the law is been violated , criminal law will be use to access the criminal activitiesPolitical perspectives. This are the crime committed by breaking the law of the land or code of conduct of the land . This law indicate that law exist to further the interest of the people .

Sociological Perspectives focus on the social, political and economical problems that give rise to crime.Psychological perspectives which described crime as a form of a problem behaviour which caused by in-ability to live in peace with the environment . Looking at it from Psychiatric point of view , a man with history of mental health problem relating to mood swing as tendency of violent, crime related offences.Influence in Criminal BehaviourTo fully determined what constitutes criminal behaviour can cover a wide range of activities for that reason, Authors Morley and Hall (2003) pointed out three different ways to define antisocial behaviour. He equate the behaviour to criminality and juvenile delinquency which both involve in criminal acts. Any involvement in criminal act can lead to arrest and conviction. Information can be collected using court data or criminal records to analyse the influences that were present.

Personality traits and disorder could be one of the diagnosis of an individual with criminal behaviour. This traits and disorder is not evident when an individual was an adult as it can only be seen in children. It is important to note that not all children diagnosed with ODD will develop CD.Holmes et al (2001) state that impulse control dysfunction and the presence of hyperactivity and inattention are the most factors for presentation of antisocial behaviour.The Influence of Nature and Nurture to criminal BehaviourNature is seen to be biological factor and genetic composition explain much of human behaviour.Freud also believed that people have the ability to learn in the early childhood , what is right and what is wrong and think we may have an instinctive nature to acquire what we desire .Such nature can be control by what we learnt on our early years.

He also believed that people normally get moral principles as a child from their parent and if this were missing due to poor parental gaudiance , that child would grow without any control of natural urges to life .While Nurture is said to be believed that environment factor such as church community, school ,family are paramont in the development of behaviour pattern.Therefore it seems clearly to conclude that those families who are less financially sound , perhaps have more children , and who are unable to consistently punish their children for a wrong doing will have a greater likelihood of promoting an environment that will influence delinquent behaviour .A statistic shows that such children are at 50% greater risk of engaging in criminal act if they were abuse or neglected .If we said that Criminals are made by their surroundings and their social factors, we could confidently say that Criminals are shaped by bad influences .Maslow’s hierarchy of needs suggest that , when the basic need for an individual is not met or self esteem is threatened, the individual will turn on his or her defensive mechanism as reaction to this threat (Maslow, H 1943) some will resort to Burglary, stealing food and other necessities as a way of survival. However, in recent years , the cognitive revolution has again made defensive mechanism the subject of scientific investigation and cognitive , developmental and personality has been found as an evidence of their existence.