Effects of Donald Trump’s Wall: Financial and Environmental

For thousands of years, humans have relied on walls and fences to
protect them from outside threats. Over time however, most of these walls have
either crumbled away or became buried under the ruins of a once great empire. Fortunately
for us, some of these walls have stood the test of time, both in the physical
sense and within the historical narrative of the people they sought to protect.
These walls have become a physical symbol of power for many ancient
civilizations, most notably the Great Wall of China; it’s no wonder modern
politicians look to them as shining examples of effective border control.

In his 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump made no secret of
his admiration towards this formidable testament to Chinese ingenuity. In fact,
during an interview on national television, Trump seriously downplayed his own
proposed wall, all whilst unabashedly namedropping one of his largest stock
holdings, asserting – “Two thousand years ago, China built the Great Wall of
China. This is a serious wall. And they didn’t have Caterpillar tractors.”

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Unfortunately, for Mr. Trump and those of his supporters who take
his word at face value, the historical context surrounding the Great Wall of
China does not exactly make for a great comparison; not only is it ludicrous,
it is counterintuitive. What Trump failed to realize, or just failed to
mention, was the bloody and unavailing legacy of the Great Wall of China,
sometimes referred to as “the longest cemetery on earth” because of estimated
500,000 peasants, engineers, slave-prisoners, and soldiers whose bodies became
part of the foundation of the structure they died completing.

On January 25, 2017, a mere five days following his inauguration, President Trump unveiled Executive Order 13767 calling to “secure the southern border of the United States through the immediate construction of a physical wall on the southern border” (Executive Order 13767).   To legitimize and facilitate such a daunting task, President Trump drew upon laws passed by previous administrations, aimed at mitigating any threats posed by outside forces on the United States of America, such as the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.), the Secure Fence Act of 2006 (Public Law 109-367) (Secure Fence Act), and the Illegal Immigration Reform and the Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-208 Div. C) (IIRIRA), regardless of how ineffective they proved to be in the past.

Trump’s decision to omit certain facts, especially pertaining to the fruitless endeavors of his predecessors, has allowed him to capitalize on the fervor surrounding the perceived “Latino Threat Narrative”, as well as continue the systemized waste of tax payer dollars. Unfortunately, and rather typically, the voices of those most burdened by Trump’s “big, beautiful wall” have been overwhelmingly ignored. The intentional silencing of these voices, both the human and non-human inhabitants of the southwest, has bound them to the role of perpetual victims in an unrelenting power struggle in our nation’s capital. But is it all worth it? Are the burdens bestowed upon those unlucky enough to become the “collateral damage” in the never-ending political mêlée worth the it?

In this paper, I will argue that the caustic nature of the proposed
border wall construction will overshadow any presumed, or rather speculated,
benefits associated with having such a wall. The negative effects of the wall extend
beyond financial impositions, into the safety and security of our own citizens,
our neighbors to the south, and the wildlife and ecosystems caught in the
crossfire. These repercussions, which I will explain in detail below, will
wreak havoc on the way of life for millions of people, animals, and species of
plants all along the southern border of the United States.

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The wildlife dwelling within the nearly 2.2 million acres of land
found within the 50-mile radius of the southern border, “one of the most
biologically rich areas in North America”, are perhaps the most vulnerable of
all (Greenwald et al. 2017). In an article published by the Center for Biological Diversity, “A Wall
in the Wild: The Disastrous Impacts of Trump’s Border Wall on Wild Life”, biologist
Noah Greenwald and his associates, lend their voices to the 93-species
characterized under the Endangered Species Act as threatened, endangered, or
existing on the cusp of being endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Services,
as well as the 25 species whose critical habitat, will be destroyed by border
wall construction. Greenwald et al., citing the findings from numerous studies
conducted within the last decade in the border region, use the article to lament
the certainty of a real life ecological disaster.

One of these research endeavors, conducted by McCallum et al.
(2014), used video recordings to compare movement, of both humans and wildlife,
in areas with and without border walls. The study indicated that wildlife, specifically
pumas and coatis, were found in much higher numbers in areas without walls than
areas with walls. In contrast to these findings, the authors of the study found
no distinguishable difference in the number of humans detected in either of
these two areas; suggesting “barriers are not effective at deterring migrants,
but do affect wildlife populations” (Greenwald et al. 2017).  

Unfortunately, the federal government suppressed the voice of the
environment and wildlife who inhabit this region, years ago with the passing of
the IIRIRA in 1996, and furthermore, the Real ID Act of 2006, which grants the
Secretary of Homeland Security sole authority
to waive all legal requirements to “ensure
expeditious construction of the barriers and roads” (Public Law 109-13 Sec. 102
(C)). The Secure Fence Act passed in late 2006, later modified by the
Consolidated Appropriations Act in 2007 (Public Law 110-161), amended portions
of these laws by “significantly increasing the Secretary of Homeland Security’s
discretion as to where to construct fencing along the southwest border” (Haddal
et al., 2009, pp. 9).  

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In all, five separate “notices of determination” were filed within
the Federal Register, waiving the
legal requirements of 37 laws –  including
the Environmental Protection Act of 1973 (EPA) and the National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA); thus allowing the secretary to burke the voice of wildlife
once and for all, and allowed the continued construction of the border wall in
contentious areas along the border of Arizona, California, New Mexico, and
Texas, including – the Barry M. Goldwater Range in Arizona, the San Pedro
Riparian National Conservation Area in California, and Hidalgo County in Texas
(Greenwald et. al., 2017; Haddal et al. 2009).[1]
 These five notices not only allowed the
Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to contravene the law, it rendered them
untouchable in any suits brought against them.

In lieu of the waived Environmental Impact Studies (EIS), as
mandated by the NEPA, the DHS, along with the U.S. Customs and Border Protects Patrol
(CBP) and the U.S. Border Patrol Agency, developed the “Environmental
Stewardship Plan: For Construction, Operation, and Maintenance of Tactical
Infrastructure, U.S Border Patrol Tucson Sector, Naco, Arizona” (ESP) in order
to detail environmental concerns and risks associated with the construction of
the border wall. The findings of the ESP are partially in line with the environmental
impacts, as noted above; especially in regard to the major impact the border
wall will have on the wildlife and cultural sites within the border region. As
for proposed mitigation, the ESP merely suggests more funding or avoidance of
certain areas. When reading this report in context to the time it was written,
July 2008, the agencies’ attempt to mitigate such issues seem somewhat
feasible. However, in the context of today’s proposed ‘impassible’ border wall
with zero allocated funds, these mitigating factors are laughable at best. Some
of the most shocking findings contained within the report, suggest that “Beneficial
effects, such as reduced vandalism, habitat degradation, debris left by IAs
(Illegal Aliens), and wildfires will be expected.” As well as a “beneficial impact
on wildlife populations is anticipated as a result of protecting habitat from
IA traffic.”  Not only are these
statement a divergence from the in-depth research conducted by several environmental
scientists, it is preposterous to suggest that damage incurred by “IA traffic” is
even in the same league as the border wall and its associated infrastructure. Articles
piggy backing this claim, such as baffling 2010 opinion piece written by Leo Banks,
a contributor for the Daily Caller,
entitled “Border Fence Benefits the Environment,” concluding that because of
the wall, smugglers have had a “much harder time driving their loads in and
that has benefited the land.” This statement, which can be understood as
parochial at best, does not seem to take into consideration the sheer engineering
and logistical feat associated with building the wall, especially in regards
for how contractors involved with the construction of the wall will transport
their building materials to and from the construction sites.  

Borderlands &
Tax Dollars

Nonetheless, environmental and humanitarian organizations, with the help of a growing number of elected officials, continue to oppose the continued construction of the border wall. In April of 2017, U.S. Representative Raúl Grijalva, Arizona’s 3^rd Congressional District, and the Center for Biological Diversity filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court of Tucson against the proposed border construction. This lawsuit takes aim at the federal government’s decision to waive laws meant to help preserve and protect the environment of the south west. The sheer lack of concern towards the degradation of such a diverse and integral ecosystem influenced the decision of Rep. Grijalva, whose district extends along 300 miles of the southern border. In a statement, Grijalva explained his frustration with the border wall construction, saying –  

American environmental laws are some of the oldest and strongest in the world, and they should apply to the borderlands just as they do everywhere else. These laws exist to protect the health and well-being of our people, our wildlife and the places they live. Trump’s wall — and his fanatical approach to our southern border — will do little more than perpetuate human suffering while irrevocably damaging our public lands and the wildlife that depend on them. (Grijalva, 2017)

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Grijalva’s
statement makes it clear – Trump’s proposed border wall is not only ineffective
it is caustic to the people, the wildlife, and the land they call their home.

Grijalva is not the only elected official from the border region taking aim at Trump’s proposed wall. In fact, officials from several border towns, cities and counties, have openly and emphatically opposed the myopic endeavor by Trump’s administration, by initiating and enacting resolutions discouraging businesses within their jurisdiction from participating in the wall’s construction. Resolutions passed in San Diego (CA), Los Angeles (CA), San Antonio (TX), Hidalgo County (TX), Pima County (AZ), El Paso (TX), Tucson (AZ), Las Cruces (NM), the Tohono O’odham Legislative Council, along with many other small towns are no surprise, as an Arizona State University (ASU) study conducted in 2016, found that 72% of American living near the border oppose the wall. The same report also found that 70% of this same demographic found the building of the wall to be “not important” (ASU, 2016). 

This study, along with numerous published interviews, highlight the
frustration those living in the borderlands have with the ongoing debate. Dob
Cunningham, an 83-year-old rancher and retired Border Patrol agent who owns
hundreds of acres of land located directly on the border, offered his opinion
on the wall during one of these interviews: “Trump has done some good things
with immigration, but he’s 100 percent wrong about the wall…. I haven’t found
anybody — and I know people from Nogales [Arizona] to Brownsville — who wants
that wall.” Mr. Cunningham is far from alone regarding his seemingly
incongruent opinion of Trump and his policies, thus highlighting a paradoxical thought
pattern shared with many of his neighbors, regardless of political affiliation.
In fact, findings from the Texas Lyceum Poll on Immigration found that “most
Texas adults continue to oppose (61percent) President Donald Trump’s proposal
to build a wall on the U.S.- Mexico border, and most don’t want him to deport
millions of undocumented immigrants” (The Texas Lyceum, 2017)

Another interesting study, this time conducted by PEW Research, found
that support for the wall amongst Republican respondents varied in relation to
their proximity to the border. Respondents, broken down into three different
groups: those living less than 350 miles from the border, those living up to
1000 miles from the border, and those living more than 1000 miles from the
border, provided their opinions on the proposed border wall. Findings from the
study illuminated a significant divergence between those Republicans living
within 350-miles of the border, and those living farther away. In fact, the
study revealed that on average, 77 percent of the groups living beyond 350
miles from the border support the wall while only 64 percent of those living
within 350 miles from the border held these same opinions. The same study showed
little divergence regarding the proximity to the southern border and opposition
to the wall’s construction between Democrat and Independent respondents, who
overwhelmingly opposed the wall.  Understanding
why Republicans living close to the border are more likely to oppose the wall comes
down to its viability, or lack there of. In fact, many of those interviewed
lamented over the ineffective and burdensome nature of the walls already in
place, claiming that they witness unauthorized migrants cross these structures
on a daily basis. Many of those interviewed merely scoffed at Trump’s proposed
wall, noting that traffickers would use bigger ladders.

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Opposition of the wall in border towns is not based solely on their
lack of faith in the structure’s ability to prevent illegal immigration, it reflects
the fruitless burdens they continue to endure because of Trump’s proposal.
Their struggle goes deeper than unauthorized entry into the United States, it
is intertwined into the fabric of their very existence. While most Republicans tout
the increased security of having a physical wall on the border, those living
closest to the wall find themselves inextricably linked with their southern
neighbors. Strains on the economy of these border towns, resulting from
decreased legal crossing, has posed a significant problem for the local
populations, their businesses, law enforcement agencies, and their
infrastructure as whole. With funding being an ongoing and central issue in the
construction of the wall, residents of the southwest are forced to allocate
their own strained resources with no reprieve in sight.

Drug trafficking and violence are two reasons most frequently touted
by Trump and his supporters when justifying the need for a wall. A rather
gratuitous article published in 2016 on Brietbart, the “far right news source”,
entitled “WARNING GRAPHIC: 9 Reasons to Fear Mexican Cartels more than ISIS” provides
its readers with an easy to read list regarding the threat the Mexican cartels
pose on American society. Regardless of how ridiculous and pointless it is to
compare these two notoriously violent entities, Brietbart perseveres in their
endeavor by disguising their ugly biases behind graphic photos and large print.
The first reason provided is perhaps the most laughable; when the author blames
the Mexican cartels for the drug epidemic in America. The author must have had
trouble finding evidence to back up this claim, and instead takes a rather
bizarre digression into a meeting between the Sinaloa Cartel leader, Joaquin
‘el Chapo’ Guzman, and American actor, Sean Penn.

Articles such as these, filled with shock and awe factor, are largely
to blame for keeping the real issues America’s drug dependence and the ongoing realties
of living within the border region absconded from the public’s attention. In
fact, if the author of this article had actually looked at recent data
surrounding the border region, he would find that violent crime has been on a
steady decline for a number of years. What the author also fails to mention, is
that Mexico is not solely responsible for America’s drug epidemic, as
American’s predilection for prescription opiates has in some ways taken over
the drug market, especially with the emergence of synthetic opiates such as
fentanol. In fact, the Center for Disease Control estimates that two million
Americans are addicted to prescription pain killers. Also, important to note is
that deaths among those addicted to pain killers have quadrupled since 1999. In
2015 alone, 15,000 Americans suffered a fatal overdose from opiate pain
killers, half of which were prescribed to them by their general doctors.

What is most difficult to understand about the issue of drugs in
America, is how Trump is choosing to deal with it. Apart from demanding funds
for the construction of his wall, which he sees as a physical barrier protecting
America from drug toting Mexicans, Trump’s proposed budget for fiscal year 2018,
as detailed in a memo leaked to the press, Trump intends to decrease the amount
of federal funding for the Office of National Drug Control Policy from $328
million to an astounding $24 million. This decrease would cut funding for
programs that seek to help those burdened by drugs, most notably the High
Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas grant that alleviates pressure among local
governments plagued by drug addiction, by supplying funding for various
programs combatting drug abuse. Trump must have forgotten the Southwestern
border region is among the most crucial of the designated HIDTA.

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Works
Cited

Banks, Leo. “Border Fence Benefits the
Environment” Daily Caller, 2010. Web.
http://dailycaller.com/2010/10/04/border-fence-benefits-the-environment/

Cooper, James M. “The Rise of Private Actors
Along the United States-Mexico Border”, Wisconsin
International Law Journal, Vol. 33, Issue 3 (2015): pp. 470-511. HeinOnline,http://heinonline.org/HOL/Permalink?a=YXJpem9uYS5lZHU&u=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org.ezproxy2.library.arizona.edu%2FHOL%2FPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fwisint33%26start_page%3D470%26collection%3Djournals%26id%3D484

“Environmental Stewardship Plan”. U.S. Customs and Border Protection, 2008. Web. https://www.cbp.gov/faqs/light-environmental-waivers-issued-former-secretary-department-homeland-security-dhs-can-you

Ferguson, Joe and Woodhouse, Murphy, Pima
County supervisors, “Tucson City Council 
Formally Oppose Border Wall,” Arizona
Daily Star, June 6, 2017 Updated June13, 2017, http://tucson.com/news/local/govt-and-politics/pima-county-supervisors-tucson-city-council-formally-oppose-border-wall/article_dc1e944f-af20-5931-8ad0-85f3e3a31f92.html

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Greenwald, Noah, et al. “A Wall in the Wild:
The Disastrous Impacts of Trump’s Border Wall on Wildlife.” Center for
Biological Diversity, May 2017. http://www.biologicaldiversity.org/programs/international/borderlands_and_boundary_waters/pdfs/A_Wall_in_the_Wild.pdf

“Historical Facts about the Great Wall of China.” The Stone Dragon, 2012, http://www.great-wallofchina.com/historical-facts-about-the-great-wall-of-china.html

Massey, Douglas S., Bryant Henry G. “The
Mexico-U.S. Border in the American Imagination” Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society. Jun2016, Vol. 160 Issue 2, pp. 160-177. EBSCOhost, http://0-eds.a.ebscohost.com.library2.pima.edu/eds/Citations/[email protected]onmgr4010&vid=17&id=pdfFulText

Ortiz, Ildefando. “WARNING GRAPPHIC: 9Reason to Fear the Mexican
Cartels More Than ISIS.” Brietbart, 2016, http://www.breitbart.com/texas/2016/01/12/9-reasons-to-fear-mexican-cartels-more-than-isis/

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100%—we promise! Every paper’s written fresh from scratch—no AI, no copying—just solid research and proper citations from our expert writers. You can even request a plagiarism report to see it’s 95%+ unique, giving you total confidence it’s submission-ready and one-of-a-kind.

 “The 2017 Texas Lyceum Poll –
Day One.” The Texas Lyceum, 2017. http://www.texaslyceum.org/resources/Documents/Day%20One%20Press%20Release.pdf

“The Legend of Meng Jiangnv.” Beijing
Attractions, 2010, http://www.beijingattractions.org/Culture-of-Beijing-Great-Wall/The-Legend-of-Meng-Jiang-Nv.html

Trump, Donald. Interview by Bill O’Reilly. Fox News. Fox 2015. Web. 20 June
2017. 

Outline

THESIS: The proposed construction of an impassible border wall,
as mandated in Executive Order 13767, along the U.S.-Mexico Border, will not
only be an ineffective means of increasing border security, it will prove
caustic to the safety and welfare of both American and Mexican citizens,
economic stability, and the environment. 

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I.               The
construction of the U.S.-Mexican border wall poses a significant threat the
ecosystem surrounding it.

A.         To
expedite construction of the border wall, the Secretary of the Department of
Homeland Security was granted the ability to waive environmental protection
laws put in place to preserve the diverse and robust ecosystem along the
southern border of the United States.  

B.         The
construction of the border wall will destroy the critical habitats for 25
species, as well as put the survival of 93 identified endangered species at
risk for extinction.  

C.         Studies
have already proven the detrimental effects the border fence, already put in
place, has on the environment and surrounding ecosystem.

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II.             Construction
of a border wall places a significant burden on border towns, as well as tax
paying citizens at large, without proof of its
effectiveness.    

A.         Politicians
using the “Latino Threat Narrative” spread fear amongst U.S. citizens, using
misguided half-truths, to justify the exorbitant amount of tax payer money
funneled into securing the U.S.-Mexico Border.

B.         The feat
of building an impassible border wall ties up both local and federal government
resources, thus hindering the efforts of other viable options to increase
border security.   

C.         Private
contractors continue to line their pockets with tax payer money, regardless of
whether their service or product is proven to be effective.

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D.         Towns
and cities situated close to the U.S.-Mexico border have been forced to deal
with economic instability and rising violence as a direct result of the border
fences already put in place, as well as the mere proposition of a new border
wall.

III.           The
pressure placed on the various cartels and criminal organizations, operating
along the U.S.-Mexican border, has been ineffective at deterring criminal
activity.

A.         Regardless
of the increased security along the U.S.-Mexican border, criminal organizations
have not only been able to thrive, they have built an industry capable of
making an estimated $50 billion in annual revenue.

B.         Previous
construction of the border fence has merely channeled the operations of
cross-border criminal organizations into the weakest spots along the
border.   

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C.         Instead
of deterring criminal activity, the border wall created a power vacuum; leaving
only the most violent and innovative criminal organizations to fill it.

Author’s
Note

Finding facts and
data to substantiate my argument regarding the ineffective and caustic nature
of the border wall proposed in Executive Order 13767 was much easier than I
thought it would be. What was much harder, however, was trying to keep the
focus in paper centered on the futility of the proposed wall, without rambling
on about issues surrounding President Trump’s contentious presidency. Another
issue I ran into when trying to identify sources for my paper, was finding a
well-rounded refutation article supporting the construction of the wall. I
tried many ways of wording my search criteria for such a source, however all
the sources returned to me were outrageously biased and lacking in
substantiating facts.  

I am still on the
metaphorical fence, no pun intended, as to whether I accomplished my goal of
finding a way to argue my point as effectively as possible. For the final
draft, I want to ensure that I not only substantiate my argument with
irrefutable facts, I want to achieve this in the most concise and direct way. One
of the biggest problems I had while writing was finding a logical way to segue
between topics. I think this was the main cause for the length of my paper.
Another issue I ran into, was whether to introduce the history of the border
region without going on another digression, thereby taking me farther and
farther away from the point I was trying to make.

The biggest problem I had was probably the mental block when I tried to write the introduction paragraph. I knew I wanted to touch on several things before going into meat of the paper, but I kept worrying as to whether my paper was becoming more introduction than argument. In the end I am relatively happy with the shape my intro took, but I think it may have gone on a little too long for such a short paper. I thought it would be a good idea to use the delusional Great Wall comparison made my Donald Trump, but now I think it may have taken me a bit off topic.

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[1] For a comprehensive list of environmental laws waived by Secretary
of Homeland Security, Michael Chertoff, see http://www.sierraclub.org/borderlands/laws-waived-border

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