Posted: October 31st, 2023

Discuss and define the Psychiatric illness being discussed

Discuss and define the Psychiatric illness being discussed
Includes a full description of illness including the causes & symptoms of the illness Who is at risk and how the illness is treated. discusses 3 medications used to treat illness.

Discuss the etiology of the psychiatric illness being discussed
Includes 3 or more theories of potential causes of the psychiatric illness. Discuss prevention, how it affects the body physically, mentally, and socially

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Major Depressive Disorder
Major depressive disorder, also known simply as depression, is a common but serious mood disorder that adversely affects how an individual feels, thinks, and handles daily activities such as sleeping, eating, or working (National Institute of Mental Health, 2022). The main symptoms of depression include:
Persistent sad, anxious, or empty mood
Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness
Loss of interest or pleasure in hobbies and activities
Decreased energy, fatigue, being "slowed down"
Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
Insomnia, early-morning wakefulness, or excessive sleeping
Appetite and/or weight changes
Thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide attempts
Restlessness, irritability
Persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to treatment, such as headaches, digestive disorders, and chronic pain (National Institute of Mental Health, 2022).
Major depressive disorder affects approximately 7% of adults in the United States annually (National Institute of Mental Health, 2022). Women are almost twice as likely as men to experience depression. Risk factors include a family history of depression, certain physical illnesses like heart disease or cancer, stress, trauma, and certain medications (Mayo Clinic, 2022).
The exact causes of depression are unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Some potential contributing factors include:
Brain chemistry imbalance - Low levels of serotonin and norepinephrine in the brain are linked to depression (Harvard Health Publishing, 2022).
Genetics - Depression often runs in families, indicating a genetic link. Certain genes may make some people more vulnerable to depression (Harvard Health Publishing, 2022).
Life events and stressors - Major life changes, trauma, stress, and difficult relationships can trigger depression (Mayo Clinic, 2022).
Personality - Some personality types are more prone to depression, especially those with low self-esteem or a pessimistic outlook (Mayo Clinic, 2022).
The most effective treatments for depression are antidepressant medications, psychotherapy (talk therapy), and lifestyle changes. Some commonly prescribed antidepressants include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) like fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and escitalopram (Lexapro). Other options are serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) like duloxetine (Cymbalta) and venlafaxine (Effexor). These medications work to correct chemical imbalances in the brain and relieve symptoms (Mayo Clinic, 2022).
Psychotherapy can help patients develop coping strategies, change negative thought patterns, and improve interpersonal relationships. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is often very effective for depression. Lifestyle changes such as exercise, proper nutrition, limiting alcohol, and stress management can also aid treatment (Mayo Clinic, 2022). With treatment, many people experience significant improvement of symptoms. However, depression commonly recurs, and ongoing treatment may be needed to prevent future episodes.
In summary, major depressive disorder is a serious and common mood disorder characterized by persistent feelings of sadness and loss of interest in activities. Risk factors include genetics and life stressors. Potential causes involve biological, genetic, and environmental mechanisms. Effective treatments include antidepressant medications, psychotherapy, and lifestyle modifications. With proper treatment, depression is very manageable for many individuals.
References:
Harvard Health Publishing. (2022, February). Understanding the genetics of depression. Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/understanding-the-genetics-of-depression
Mayo Clinic. (2022, March 8). Depression (major depressive disorder). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/depression/symptoms-causes/syc-20356007
National Institute of Mental Health. (2022, February). Major depression. National Institute of Mental Health. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/major-depression

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