Elements & Macromolecules in Organisms
\nMost common elements in living things are carbon, hydrogen,
\nnitrogen, and oxygen. These four elements constitute about 96% of
\nyour body weight. All compounds can be classified in two broad
\ncategories — organic and inorganic compounds. Organic compounds
\nare made primarily of carbon. Carbon has four outer electrons and can
\nform four bonds. Carbon can form single bonds with another atom and
\nalso bond to other carbon molecules forming double, triple, or
\nquadruple bonds. Organic compounds also contain hydrogen. Since
\nhydrogen has only one electron, it can form only single bonds.
\nEach small organic molecule can be a unit of a large organic
\nmolecule called a macromolecule. There are four classes of
\nmacromolecules (polysaccharides or carbohydrates, triglycerides or
\nlipids, polypeptides or proteins, and nucleic acids such as DNA & RNA).
\nCarbohydrates and lipids are made of only carbon, hydrogen, and
\noxygen (CHO). Proteins are made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
\nnitrogen (CHON). Nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA contain carbon,
\nhydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus (CHON P).
\nUse the drawing of the amino acid on this worksheet (look ahead to
\nanother page for this sketch and remember that the NUMBER OF
\nLINES from a single atom is their NUMBER OF BONDS) to determine
\nthe number of bonds formed by:
\n______ Oxygen _______Hydrogen _______ Nitrogen
\nThe body also needs trace amounts of other elements such as
\ncalcium, potassium, and sulfur for proper functioning of muscles,
\nnerves, etc. Color each of the elements on the next page according
\nto the color listed next to the element’s symbol. Then Color code the
\nsquirrel with the correct proportion of each element’s color. Now color
\ncode the carrot with the same colors as you used on the squirrel.
\n2
\nQuestions:
\n1. Name the 4 main elements that make up 96% of an organism.
\n2. Name the 4 types of bonds carbon can form.
\n3. What are macromolecules?
\n4. Name the 4 classes of macromolecules.
\n3
\n5. Give 2 examples of nucleic acids.
\n6. What elements make up carbohydrates & lipids (symbols)?
\n7. Name 3 elements your body needs trace amounts of for proper
\nfunctioning.
\nThe four main classes of organic compounds (carbohydrates,
\nlipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) that are essential to the proper
\nfunctioning of all living things are known as polymers or
\nmacromolecules. All of these compounds are built primarily of carbon,
\nhydrogen, and oxygen but in different ratios. This gives each
\ncompound different properties.
\nCarbohydrates are used by the body for energy and structural
\nsupport in cell walls of plants and exoskeletons of insects and
\ncrustaceans. They are made of smaller subunits called
\nmonosaccharides. Monosaccharides have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
\nin a 1:2:1 ratio. Monosaccharides or simple sugars include glucose,
\ngalactose, and fructose. Although their chemical formulas are the
\nsame, they have different structural formulas. These simple sugars
\ncombine to make disaccharides (double sugars like sucrose) and
\npolysaccharides (long chains like cellulose, chitin, and glycogen). Color
\ncode the glucose molecule on this worksheet (carbon-black, hydrogen\u0002yellow, and oxygen-red). Use your textbook to help draw the
\nstructural formulas for fructose and galactose: (p55)
\nFructose: Galactose:
\n4
\nUse the diagram of glucose to tell how many carbons, hydrogens, and
\noxygens are in a single molecule.
\n#C __________ # H __________ # O __________
\nGlucose Molecule
\nQuestions:
\n8. Macromolecules are also known as _____________.
\n9. If all the macromolecules are made mainly of the elements CHO,
\nhow are they different?
\n10. Name 2 ways your body uses carbohydrates.
\nO
\nC
\nC
\nC
\nC C
\nO H
\nH
\nC
\nH
\nH
\nO H
\nH H
\nO
\nH H
\nO
\nH H
\nO
\nH
\n5
\n11. What are the subunits called that make up carbohydrates?
\n12. What is the ratio of C, H, and O in monosaccharides?
\n13. Name 3 monosaccharides.
\n14. Monosaccharides are ___________ sugars.
\n15. What are disaccharides & give an example?
\n16. Long chains of sugars are ______________. Name three.
\nProteins are made of subunits called amino acids and are used to build
\ncells and do much of the work inside organisms. They also act as
\nenzymes helping to control metabolic reactions in organisms. Amino
\nacids contain two functional groups, the carboxyl group (-COOH) and
\nthe amino group (-NH2).
\nUse your textbook and sketch the amino and carboxyl groups. (p56)
\nAmino group Carboxyl group
\n6
\nColor code the amino acid on this worksheet (carbon-black, hydrogen\u0002yellow, nitrogen-blue, and oxygen-red).
\nBasic Structure of Amino acid
\nEnzymes are protein molecules that act as biological catalysts.
\nCells contain thousands of different enzymes to control the functions
\nof the cell. Enzymes must physically fit a specific substrate(s) to work
\nproperly. The place where a substrate fits an enzyme to be catalyzed
\nis called the active site. Excess heat, a change in pH from neutral,
\netc. change the shape of enzymes and their active sites so the enzyme
\nis unable to work. Some enzymes have a second site where a coenzyme
\nattaches to help make the substrate better fit the active site of the
\nenzyme. Color the enzyme purple, the substrate yellow, and the
\ncoenzyme green. Also color the active site red.
\nEnzyme-Substrate Complex
\nN
\nH
\nH
\nC C
\nO
\nH
\nH
\nR group
\n7
\nCondensation (removal of a water molecule) links amino acids link
\ntogether to form chains called polypeptides. Polypeptide chains join to
\nform proteins. The bonds holding amino acids to each other are known
\nas peptide bonds. Use your textbook to make a sketch of a dipeptide
\n(2 amino acids linked with a peptide bond) molecule. (p59)
\nDipeptide Sketch:
\nQuestions:
\n17. What subunits make up proteins?
\n18. Proteins also act as __________ in cells to control reactions.
\n19. Name the 2 functional groups in amino acids.
\n20. Cells have ________ of enzymes to act as biological __________.
\n21. Enzymes have an attachment site called the __________ site for
\nthe __________ to join.
\n22. What is the effect of excess heat or temperature on an enzyme?
\n23. Amino acids are linked together to make proteins by removing a
\nmolecule of ________ in a process called ____________.
\n24. Chains of amino acids make _______________ which can join
\ntogether to make a __________.
\n25. __________ bonds form when water is removed to hold
\n_________ acids together.
\n8
\nLipids are large, nonpolar (won’t dissolve in water) molecules.
\nPhospholipids make up cell membranes. Lipids also serve as waxy
\ncoverings (cuticle) on plants, pigments (chlorophyll), and steroids.
\nLipids have more carbon and hydrogen atoms than oxygen atoms.
\nFats are made of a glycerol (alcohol) and three fatty acid chains.
\nThis subunit is called a triglyceride. Color the glycerol molecule using
\nthe same colors for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen as you did before.
\nThe fatty acid chains may be saturated (only single bonds between
\ncarbons) or unsaturated (contain at least one double bond). A carboxyl
\nfunctional group (-COOH) is found on the end of the fatty acid that
\ndoes NOT attach to glycerol. CIRCLE AND LABEL the carboxyl
\ngroups in the 2 fatty acids on this worksheet. Color the fatty acid
\nchains the same colors for carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen as you did
\nbefore. A special type of lipid called phospholipids help make up the
\ncell membrane. Two layers of these phospholipids make up the
\nmembrane. Phospholipids have a “water-loving” hydrophilic head and
\ntwo “water-fearing” hydrophobic tails. Find the cell membrane on this
\nsheet and CIRCLE AND LABEL a phospholipid. Proteins are also
\nembedded in the cell membrane. Color the two proteins in the cell
\nmembrane blue.
\nGlycerol
\nC
\nC
\nH C
\nH
\nH
\nH
\nH
\nO
\nO
\nO
\nH
\nH
\nH
\n9
\nSaturated fatty Acid
\nUnsaturated Fatty Acid – Double Bond
\nCell Membrane
\nQuestions:
\n26. Lipids are nonpolar. What does this mean?
\nH
\nH C C C C C C<\/p>\n
C C C
\nH H H H HC
\nH H H H
\nH H H
\nH H H H H
\nC
\nO
\nO
\nH
\nH
\nH C C C C C C C C C
\nH H H H HC
\nH H H H
\nH H H
\nH H H H H
\nC
\nO
\nO
\nH
\n10
\n27. What WILL lipids (oils and fats) dissolve in? (Question for
\nthought)
\n28. _________________ makes up cell membranes.
\n29. Name a waxy lipid covering plants.
\n30. Plant pigments like ______________ are also __________.
\n31. Lipids have more ___________ and _______ than they do oxygen
\natoms.
\n32. Fats are made of an alcohol called __________ and three
\n__________ _________ chains. This is known as a ____________.
\n33. If there are all SINGLE bonds between _______ in the fatty acid
\nchain, then it is said to be ____________.
\n34. If there is a DOUBLE bond between _________ in the fatty acid
\nchain, then it is said to be ____________.
\n35. The end of the fatty acid that does NOT attach to glycerol has
\nwhat functional group? Write the formula for this group.
\n36. _______ layers of ____________ make up the cell membrane.
\n37. The head of a phospholipid __________ water and is said to be
\n______________.
\n38. The 2 tails of a phospholipid __________ water and is said to be
\n______________.
\nNucleic acids carry the genetic information in a cell. DNA or
\ndeoxyribose nucleic acid contains all the instructions for making every
\nprotein needed by a living thing. RNA copies and transfers this genetic
\ninformation so that proteins can be made. The subunits that make up
\nnucleic acids are called nucleotides.
\n11
\nCOLOR AND LABEL the parts of a nucleotide — sugar (5-sided)-
\ngreen, phosphate group (round)-yellow, and nitrogen base (6-sided)-
\nblue. ATP used for cellular energy is a high energy nucleotide with
\nthree phosphate groups. Color code the ATP and LABEL THE
\nPHOSPHATES.
\nNucleotide
\nATP
\nQuestions:
\n39. Nucleic acids carry __________ information in a molecule called
\n____________ or _____________ ___________ acid.
\n40. DNA has the instructions for making a cell’s ____________.
\n41. The nucleic acid _________ copies DNA so _________ can be
\nmade.
\n42. __________ are the subunits making up nucleic acid.
\n12
\n43. The 3 parts of a nucleotide are a 5 carbon ________, a phosphate,
\nand a nitrogen __________.
\n44. ________ is a high energy molecule made from a ___________
\nwith _______ phosphates.
\nFinal Questions:
\n1. Give the symbols for the elements that make up each of the following:
\n______carbohydrates ______lipids ______DNA ______proteins
\n2. Name the 4 classes of macromolecules & give a function for each.
\n3. Name the subunits that make up each of the macromolecules.
\n4. Enzymes can be denatured (unfolded) by what environmental factors?
\n5. What process is used to link amino acids together?
\n6. Name the bonds found between amino acids in a polypeptide chain.
\n7. Explain the difference between a disaccharide and a polysaccharide. Give an
\nexample of each.
\n8. What two functional groups are found in amino acids?
\n9. Why are enzymes important to organisms?
\n10. Name the subunit that makes up fats.
\n11. What alcohol is found in a triglyceride?
\n12. What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid?<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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