Examine two of three intrapsychic or personal factors that impact conflict and its resolution. The first is bias. Personal beliefs and cognitions may lead to misperceptions and misunderstandings that may, if undetected and unidentified, have detrimental effects on attempts at resolution. A second factor is emotion. Emotions can have positive and negative effects on conflict and its resolution and, conversely, conflict and its resolution impacts emotions. This interaction between conflict and emotions occurs at all levels of conflict, from the interpersonal to the international. Personality is a third factor that affects conflict and its resolution. However conceptualized, and whatever the theory that explains it, personality influences behavior during conflict and attempts to resolve it. Understanding the role of personality and personality differences can provide information valuable to the successful resolution of a conflict.
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Coleman, P., Deutsch, M., & Marcus, E. (2014). The handbook of conflict resolution: Theory and practice (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass.
Chapter 11, “Judgmental Biases in Conflict Resolution and How to Overcome Them” (pp. 255-276)
Chapter 12, “Emotion and Conflict: Why It Is Important to Understand How Emotions Affect Conflict and How Conflict Affects Emotions” (pp. 283-306)
Chapter 15, “Personality and Conflict” (pp. 400-429)
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Based on the information provided, two of the intrapsychic or personal factors that impact conflict and its resolution are bias and emotion. Let’s examine these factors in more detail:
Bias: Personal beliefs and cognitions can influence conflict and its resolution by leading to biases, misperceptions, and misunderstandings. When individuals hold biased beliefs or engage in cognitive distortions, they may interpret the actions and intentions of others in a skewed or inaccurate manner, which can exacerbate conflicts.
Biases can take various forms, such as confirmation bias (favoring information that confirms pre-existing beliefs), attribution bias (making unfair or inaccurate attributions about the intentions of others), or availability bias (relying on easily accessible information rather than considering a broader range of perspectives). These biases can prevent individuals from fully understanding the underlying causes of conflicts and hinder effective resolution.
Overcoming biases requires self-awareness and an openness to challenging one’s own assumptions. Engaging in perspective-taking, seeking diverse viewpoints, and actively questioning one’s own biases can help mitigate their negative impact on conflict resolution.
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Emotion: Emotions play a crucial role in conflict and its resolution. Emotions can both fuel and be fueled by conflicts. Negative emotions such as anger, frustration, fear, and resentment can escalate conflicts by impairing communication, promoting aggressive behavior, and hindering cooperative problem-solving. On the other hand, positive emotions such as empathy, compassion, and understanding can facilitate resolution by fostering empathy, promoting collaboration, and enhancing creative problem-solving.
Conflicts can evoke intense emotional responses, and these emotions can influence how individuals perceive and respond to the conflict. Emotional intelligence, which involves recognizing, understanding, and managing emotions effectively, is vital in conflict resolution. By understanding and managing their own emotions and being attuned to the emotions of others, individuals can navigate conflicts with greater empathy and promote more constructive dialogue and solutions.
Furthermore, conflict resolution efforts can also impact emotions. Successful resolution can lead to a sense of relief, satisfaction, and improved relationships, whereas unresolved conflicts can contribute to ongoing negative emotions and strain relationships further.
By recognizing the role of emotions in conflicts and developing emotional intelligence skills, individuals can better understand their own emotional reactions, empathize with others, and create an environment conducive to effective conflict resolution.
While bias and emotion are important factors in conflict and its resolution, it’s worth noting that personality, the third factor mentioned, also plays a significant role. Personality influences how individuals approach and engage in conflicts, affecting their communication style, problem-solving strategies, and conflict management preferences. Understanding personality differences can provide valuable insights into individual behavior during conflicts, helping to tailor approaches and strategies for more effective resolution.